Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients
| Variables | All patients (n = 100) |
|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Age, years | 60 ± 14 |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 45 (45) |
| DM duration, years | 10 (0.1–42) |
| Body weight, kg | 67 ± 16 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.70 ± 0.22 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 ± 19 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 74 ± 10 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 15.6 ± 5.7 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.86 ± 0.43 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73.4 ± 25.4 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.5 ± 1.9 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 58 (58) |
| Dyslipidemia | 63 (63) |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 38 (38) |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 54 (54) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 1 (1) |
| Anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 51 (51) |
| GLP-1 RA | 11 (11) |
| SU | 28 (28) |
| α-GI | 23 (23) |
| Thiazalidine | 8 (8) |
| Metformin | 57 (57) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 3 (3) |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |
| LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 76.0 ± 22.0 |
| LV end-systolic volume, mL | 26.8 ± 10.7 |
| LVEF, % | 65.6 ± 4.9 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 80.0 ± 19.0 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 30.1 ± 8.0 |
| e’, cm/s | 6.05 ± 1.67 |
| E/e’ | 10.5 ± 3.4 |
| Trans-mitral flow | |
| E, cm/s | 59.4 ± 13.7 |
| DcT, msec | 207 ± 53 |
| E/A | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| Pulmonary venous flow | |
| S, cm/s | 65.4 ± 16.1 |
| D, cm/s | 41.3 ± 8.0 |
| S/D | 1.6 ± 0.4 |
| A, cm/s | 38.2 ± 20.0 |
Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data, or n (%). Assessment of pulmonary venous flow was available in 90 patients
DM diabetes mellitus, BSA body surface area, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, DPP-4 Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, GLP-1 RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors agonists, SU Sulfonylureas, α-GI α-glucosidase inhibitors, SGLT2 Sodium glucose cotransporter type 2, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI left ventricular mass index, LAVI left atrial volume index, e’ spectral pulsed-wave Doppler-derived early diastolic velocity from the septal mitral annulus, E peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity, DcT E wave deceleration time, E/A peak early and late diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio, S peak systolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow, D peak diastolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow, A peak velocity of pulmonary venous flow during atrial systole