Table 2.
Comparison of variables between high and low GV groups
| Variables | High GV group (n = 43) | Low GV group (n = 57) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 61.2 ± 15.0 | 59.4 ± 13.1 | 0.53 |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 19 (44) | 26 (46) | 0.89 |
| DM duration, years | 12 (0.5–42) | 8 (0.1–34) | 0.04 |
| Body weight, kg | 63.7 ± 13.4 | 69.6 ± 17.0 | 0.07 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.67 ± 0.19 | 1.73 ± 0.24 | 0.15 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 ± 21 | 128 ± 17 | 0.44 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | 0.05 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 16.5 ± 5.8 | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 0.20 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.93 ± 0.45 | 0.80 ± 0.40 | 0.13 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 66.2 ± 22.8 | 78.8 ± 25.9 | 0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.7 ± 1.9 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 0.23 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 26 (60) | 32 (56) | 0.67 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 (58) | 38 (67) | 0.39 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 22 (37) | 16 (39) | 0.89 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 32 (56) | 22 (51) | 0.63 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.25 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | |||
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 20 (47) | 31 (54) | 0.44 |
| GLP-1 RA | 3 (7) | 8 (14) | 0.27 |
| SU | 15 (35) | 12 (23) | 0.19 |
| α-GI | 10 (23) | 13 (23) | 0.96 |
| Thiazalidine | 2 (5) | 6 (11) | 0.29 |
| Metformin | 18 (42) | 39 (68) | 0.007 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 0.13 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 76.1 ± 23.4 | 75.9 ± 20.9 | 0.97 |
| LV end-systolic volume, mL | 25.9 ± 11.3 | 27.5 ± 10.2 | 0.48 |
| LVEF, % | 66.8 ± 5.4 | 64.8 ± 4.3 | 0.04 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 81.7 ± 19.4 | 78.5 ± 18.5 | 0.41 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 31.4 ± 8.8 | 29.2 ± 7.1 | 0.17 |
| e’, cm/s | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 0.44 |
| E/e’ | 11.3 ± 3.9 | 9.8 ± 2.8 | 0.03 |
| Trans-mitral flow | |||
| E, cm/s | 61.1 ± 12.8 | 58.1 ± 14.2 | 0.28 |
| DcT, msec | 210 ± 49 | 205 ± 55 | 0.59 |
| E/A | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.75 |
| Pulmonary venous flow | |||
| S, cm/s | 67.2 ± 16.8 | 64.0 ± 15.3 | 0.36 |
| D, cm/s | 43.3 ± 8.4 | 40.0 ± 7.3 | 0.04 |
| S/D | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.65 |
| A, cm/s | 42.5 ± 24.9 | 34.8 ± 13.8 | 0.07 |
Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data, or n (%)
Assessment of pulmonary venous flow was available in 40 patients (High GV group) and 50 patients (Low GV group)
GV glycemic viability
All other abbreviation as in Table 1