Hand following and Gaze following pathways to joint attention. In (a), the infant holds an object and visually attends to his own hands as they handle the object and the parent attends to the infant’s hand actions, leading to both parent gaze and infant gaze directed to the same object. In (b), the parent holds the object and attends to her own hands as does the infant. The four dashed lined in (a) and (b) show the four hand-eye links that are the focus of the present study– hand-eye coordination within infant, hand-eye coordination within parent, parent eye to infant hand, and infant eye to parent hand. The traditional gaze following pathway to joint attention to an object is shown in (c).