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. 2019 Dec 5;9:18457. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54788-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ordinal Pattern (OP) probability distributions during wakefulness and sleep. The OP probability distributions shown in the bottom panels correspond to the rat population and electrode location average distributions for each sleep-wake state: Wakefulness (blue), NREM (green) and REM sleep (red). The grey areas show the null hypothesis region with a $95, 4 %$ confidence, which correspond to the uniform OP distribution with twice the standard error of the mean (i.e., $p_{N H} \pm 2 σ_{N H}$ ). Panel a [Panel b] shows the possible OPs for embedding dimension $D = 3$ [ $D = 4$ ].