TABLE 1.
Collective evidence of metabolic changes induced by hypoxia.
| Pathways | Metabolites | Mechanisms |
| Glucose metabolism | ||
| ↑Glycolysis14 | ↑Lactic acid1 | ↑HIF1α13 |
| ↓TCA metabolites8 | ↑HIF1β13 | |
| ↑Hand14 | ||
| Fatty acid metabolism | ||
| ↓β-oxidation14 | ↓Acetyl-CoA6 | ↓PPARα5,17 |
| ↑Long-chain Acyl-CoAs6 | ||
| ↑Fatty acids6 | ||
| Mitochondrial function | ||
| ↓Oxidative phosphorylation8 | ↑ROS8 | ↓UCP315 |
| ↑PGC111 | ||
| ↑PPARγ11 | ||
| Oxidative stress | ||
| ↑ROS production1,19 | ↑O2–16,19 | ↑NOX1, NOX2, NOX42,12,18 |
| ↓Nitric oxide9 | ↓eNOS7 | |
| ↑SOD10 | ||
| ↑GPx10 | ||
| ↑COX10 | ||
| ↑IRE13 | ||
| ↑PERK13 | ||
| ↑ATF63 | ||
1Allison et al. (2016); 2Aschner et al. (2007); 3Bergmann and Molinari (2018); 4Breckenridge et al. (2013); 5Cole et al. (2016); 6Das et al. (1983); 7Dikalova et al. (2016); 8Fuhrmann and Brune (2017); 9Jaitovich and Jourd’heuil (2017); 10Jochmans-Lemoine et al. (2018); 11Lai et al. (2008); 12Luneburg et al. (2016); 13Milane et al. (2011); 14Murray (2016); 15Murray and Horscroft (2016); 16Stankovic-Valentin and Melchior (2018); 17Templeman et al. (2010); 18Veith et al. (2019); 19Waypa et al. (2013).