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. 2019 Dec 5;9:18447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53823-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Episodic Memory Task. (A) The experimenter sequentially placed three objects in boxes laid out in the experimental room while the participant was watching (demonstration phase), and then the participant was asked to copy the experimenter by placing the objects themselves (encoding phase). After a delay (and verbal interference task), the participant was asked to re-enact his own previous actions (retrieval phase). (B) Each experimental session was composed of three tests: (i) The Space-Time Test required the combination of location and temporal sequence information but kept the object identity constant (i.e., by using identical objects); (ii) The Object-Time Test involved different objects but held the spatial location constant (i.e., by using just one box); (iii) The EM Test required the binding of information concerning object identity, spatial location, and temporal sequence into one representation. (C) We calculated the following indexes: the extent to which participants recognize the single components (object identity or spatial location), and their ability to bind them in a temporal sequence (space-time; object-time; EM). By separately analyzing bounded components in the EM Test it was possible to further investigate the effect of object-space, object-time and space-time binding on EM representation. (D) The indices were calculated by comparing the subject’s behavior between the encoding and retrieval phases (“proportion of accurate responses”). In the example above, the object-time binding index was calculated by assigning points for each correctly-remembered object in its correct temporal order (see Supplementary Information for a detailed description of the scoring).