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. 2019 Dec 5;2:453. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0697-7

Fig. 3. Flower shape and best-fit modularity hypothesis 4 for each pollination syndrome and phylo-morphospace on PC1 and PC2.

Fig. 3

a Buzz-bee syndrome flower of Meriania hernandoi. b Mixed-vertebrate syndrome flower of M. tomentosa; there was weak support for significant modularity in this syndrome. c Passerine syndrome flower of Axinaea costaricensis. d PCA of mean flower shape of 30 Merianieae species with species from each pollination syndrome converging in different areas of shape space. The largest area of shape space is occupied by the buzz-bee syndrome; variation explained: PC1 34.3%, PC2 17.9%; n = 137 specimens.