Table 2.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activity of snake venom cathelicidins against standard and clinical isolate bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

Peptide name	Bacterial strains	Activity (µg.mL-1)			Reference
		Antibacterial	Antibiofilm	Cytotoxic
NA-CATH	Burkholderia thailandensis	3.6**	>3.6**	NT	(Blower et al., 2015)
	Staphylococcus aureus	2.9**	10**	>100 (horse erythrocytes)	(Dean et al., 2011)
Cathelicidin-BF	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	2.3*	NT	>400 (murine macrophages RAW 264.7 and human hepatic tumor cells HepG2; human erythrocytes)	(Wang et al., 2008)
	Bacillus cereus	1.2*
	Bacillus pumilus	9.4*
	Bacillus subtilis	9.4*
	Enterococcus faecium	150*
	Escherichia coli	0.6–2.3*
	Klebsiella pneumoniae	0.3–9.4*
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.2–18.7*
	Pseudomonas luteola	1.2*
	Salmonella typhi	1.2*
	Sacharibacillus kuerlensis	4.7*
	Serratia marcescens	>400*
	Sphingobacterium siyangense	9.4*
	S. aureus	4.7– > 400*
OH-CATH	Acinetobacter baumannii	16*	NT	>415 (human erythrocytes)	(Zhao et al., 2008) (Zhang et al., 2010) (Falcao et al., 2014)
	E. coli	0.25–20*
	Enterobacter aerogenes	2–4*
	Enterobacter cloacae	1–8*
	Enterococcus faecalis	64– > 128*
	K. pneumoniae	8*
	P. aeruginosa	0.5–16*
	S. aureus	4–64*
Pt_CRAMP1	A. baumannii	16*	NT	210 (human erythrocytes)	(Falcao et al., 2014)
	E. faecalis	32–64*
	E. coli	2–16*
	K. pneumoniae	32*
	P. aeruginosa	8–32*
	S. aureus	32–64*
	Streptococcus pyogenes	16*
Crotalicidin (Ctn)	A. baumannii	16*	NT	>415 (erythrocytes; macrophages RAW 264.7)	(Falcao et al., 2014) (Oliveira-Júnior et al., 2018) (Pérez-Peinado et al., 2018)
	E. faecalis	32–128*
	E. coli	0.25–16*
	K. pneumoniae	4–16*
	P. aeruginosa	1–16*
	S. aureus	32*
	S. pyogenes	16*
Batroxicidin (BatxC)	A. baumannii	16*	NT	>425 (erythrocytes; macrophages RAW 264.7)	(Falcao et al., 2014) (Oliveira-Júnior et al., 2018)
	E. faecalis	32–128*
	E. coli	0.25–16*
	K. pneumoniae	8–16*
	P. aeruginosa	1–16*
	S. aureus	32*
	S. pyogenes	16*
Hc-CATH	A. baumannii	>200*	NT	>200 (mouse macrophages of the normal cell line (L929), human liver tumor cells (HepG2), prostate cancer cells (PC3), and human erythrocytes)	(Wei et al., 2015)
	B. cereus	9.4*
	B. subtilis	75*
	E. faecalis	>200*
	E. faecium	37.5*
	E. coli	2.3–9.4*
	Klebsiella oxytoca	4.7*
	K. pneumoniae	4.7–75*
	Proteus mirabilis	4.7*
	Proteus vulgaris	>200*
	P. aeruginosa	18.7– >200*
	Salmonella paratyphi	4.7*
	S. marcescens	>200*
	Shigella dysenteriae	0.6*
	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	9.4– > 200*
	S. aureus	4.7– > 200*
	Staphylococcus epidermidis	>200*
CATHPb1	B. cereus	1.17*	NT	>100 (human erythrocytes; normal human liver cells HL-7702 and mouse peritoneal macrophages MPMs).	(Cai et al., 2018)
	Dysentery bacillus	1.17*
	E. faecalis	75*
	E. faecium	9.38*
	E. coli	9.38*	2.5** and 37.5***
	K. oxytoca	75*	6.25** and 25***
	K. pneumoniae	18.75*	NT
	Nocardia asteroids	9.38*
	P. aeruginosa	9.38–37.5*	6.25** and 44***
	S. paratyphi	18.75*	NT
	S. aureus	4.69–37.5*	7–11.8** and 30.5–55.3***
	S. epidermidis	18.75*	NT
	S. maltophilia	4.69*
SA-CATH	B. cereus	4.69*	NT	>200 (human erythrocytes; human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and mouse peritoneal macrophages MPMs)	(Wang et al., 2019)
	B. subtilis	18.75*
	E. faecium	37.5*
	E. coli	18.75–75*	40**
	K. pneumoniae	37.5*	NT
	N. asteroids	37.5*
	P. aeruginosa	37.5*
	Shigella dysenteriae	37.5*
	S. aureus	75*

*MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; **IC50, minimal concentrations resulting in 50% of inhibition; and ***EC50, minimal concentrations resulting in 50% of eradicated preformed biofilms; NT, not tested.