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. 2019 Sep 11;27(2):645–652. doi: 10.1007/s40199-019-00294-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 3 — The effect of propionic Acid (PA) on the mRNA expression of adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) related markers. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) explants of each subject were incubated in triplicate with or without 3 mM PA for 24 h. PA downregulated all of the ATM markers, i.e. CD16, CD163 and MMP-9. The mRNA expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and expressed as relative quantities (RQ) and compared to the control (without PA; C). (N = 10) *, P < 0.05 vs. control (without PA; C). M, mean