| Lindgren (2016), US (n=107) [37] |
Determine whether challenging behavior in children with autism can be treated successfully at lower cost by using telehealth to train parents to implement applied behavior analysis |
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Weekly 60 minutes sessions where parents were coached to perform functional analysis and functional communication training Behavior analysts or advanced graduate students
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POa: reduction in problem behavior achieved but no different than traditional method (P=.74). SOb: reduction of costs related to treatment compared to in-home therapy (for staff salaries and travel, facilities, and family costs including telehealth equipment, mileage, and time) (P<.01).
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| Suess (2014), US, (n=parents of 3 children) [40] |
Evaluate the fidelity with which parents of children with autism spectrum disorders implemented treatment procedures and the types of fidelity errors they made during coached and independent trials |
Video and Skype connection with telehealth center Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Two sessions of didactic training, parent manual, weekly remote consultation, while parents implemented Functional Communication Training procedures Behavioral consultant (psychology doctoral student experienced in behavior assessments and treatments)
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PO: all children showed substantial reductions in problem behavior during the final treatment trials and especially during the coached trials. FOc: no consistent differences present in measurements of intervention implementation fidelity by parents across coached and independent trials.
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| Vismara (2013), US (n=8 families) [41] |
Teach parents to implement autism-specific interventions |
Video and self-guided website Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Weekly 1.5-hour parent coaching sessions for 12 weeks with 3-month follow-up Therapist with extensive training
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PO: overall improvement in rates of functional verbal utterances and nonverbal joint attention initiations, increased production and comprehension of words and gestures. FO: steady gains in parental intervention skills, engagement style, and fidelity of intervention implementation.
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| Baharav (2010), US (n=2) [28] |
Assess the use of technology and telepractice as a tool for coaching parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. |
Home laptop with Web camera and health care provider laptop Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Weekly 50-minute home-based and 50-minute clinic sessions over 6 weeks Speech and language therapists
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PO: Gains in some communication and interaction skills. FO: Parents report comfort with technology, willingness to continue to practicing strategies to deliver care to their child at home, and agree home services as valuable as those delivered by healthcare providers and would recommend to other patients
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| Gustafson (2012), US (n=301 parent-child dyads) [35] |
Support and train parents and improve asthma control and medication adherence. |
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| Garbutt (2010), US (n=362) [32] |
Coach parents and children with asthma to improve disease-related quality of life and reduce incidence of asthma episodes requiring urgent care. |
Telephone from call center Parents of children with asthma 12-month coaching program to provide education and support Call center RNsd with pediatric and asthma telephone care experience
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PO: No change in children’s quality of life (95% CI −0.47 to 0.12) or number of urgent events per year (1.15; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.61). FO: Significant improvement in parental quality of life with coaching program compared to control group (difference: 0.38; 95% CI 0.14-0.63). SO: no change in number of urgent events per year (difference: 1.15; 95% CI 0.82-1.61)
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| Kierfeld (2013), Germany (n=48 families) [55] |
Support and train parents of children with externalizing problem behavior to administer interventions with minimal therapist contact |
Telephone Parents of children with externalizing problem behavior Self-help book and weekly phone calls (average 20 min) to enhance motivation by reviewing key concepts covered in the self-help book Child psychologist trained and supervised by senior child psychologist
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PO: Improvements in parent-reported externalizing behaviors (F1,44=21.14, P<.001, ddiff=1.22), and internalizing child problem behavior (F1,44=13.52, P<.001, ddiff=1.01) FO: Improvements in problem parenting strategies (F1,43=9.43, P=.002, ddiff=0.92, and parenting-related strains (F1,43=12.28, P<.001, ddiff=1.03).
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