Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological characteristics (raw measures, means and standard deviations in parentheses) of the participants (n = 205) diagnosed using clinical standard MCI criteria: Group 1 = multiple-domain amnestic MCI (mda-MCI), Group 2 = multiple-domain non amnestic MCI (mdm-MCI), Group 3 = single-domain amnestic MCI (sda-MCI), and Group 4 = healthy controls (HC). Statistical measures (ANOVA F, Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric H and standard χ2), effect size (ŋ2 and Cramer V), and post-hoc comparisons of groups 1–4). The variables shown in italics were included in the cluster analysis.
| mda-MCI (Group 1) n = 33 |
mdna-MCI (Group 2) n = 24 |
sda-MCI (Group 3) n = 65 |
HC (Group 4) n = 70 |
Test a | Effect Size b | Distinct Groups c |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||||
| Age | 70.88 (7.94) | 65.95 (8.94) | 68.83 (9.25) | 67.13 (8.92) | F = 1.96 | 0.030 | |
| Gender (n = F/M) | 25/8 | 21/3 | 31/34 | 46/24 | χ2 = 15.34 ** | 0.283 | 2 +female 3 +male |
| Years of Education | 9.67 (3.97) | 7.00 (3.24) | 9.54 (4.21) | 10.37 (5.25) | H = 6.76 | 0.035 | |
| Comorbidity (Charlson Index) | 1.21 (1.24) | 1.50 (1.31) | 0.85 (0.91) | 0.83 (0.93) | H = 6.93 | 0.036 | |
| Tests for MCI diagnosis | |||||||
| Lawton and Brody | 6.68 (1.81) | 6.00 (1.62) | 6.95 (1.68) | 7.14 (1.22) | F = 2.16 | 0.053 | |
| SMCQ (Informant) | 17.40 (4.67) | 18.48 (4.98) | 16.75 (4.49) | 13.46 (3.91) | F = 9.35 ** | 0.158 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 |
| SMCQ (Patient) | 19.36 (4.53) | 20.96 (3.62) | 19.11 (4.75) | 13.09 (1.76) | H = 96.25 ** | 0.504 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 |
| MMSE | 22.97 (1.91) | 24.04 (2.05) | 27.12 (1.77) | 28.36 (1.34) | H = 107.66 ** | 0.564 | 1, 2 < 3 < 4 |
| CAMCOG-R (Total) | 70.92 (10.47) | 73.75 (6.15) | 82.57 (9.01) | 87.45 (9.02) | H = 67.62 ** | 0.352 | 1, 2 < 3 < 4 |
| CAMCOG-R (Orientation) | 8.21 (1.39) | 9.21 (0.72) | 9.37 (0.74) | 9.73 (0.48) | H = 45.20 ** | 0.237 | 1 < 2, 3 < 4 |
| CAMCOG-R (Attention/Calculation) | 5.12 (2.19) | 4.25 (1.82) | 7.35 (1.63) | 7.59 (1.50) | F = 34.81 ** | 0.357 | 1, 2 < 3, 4 |
| CAMCOG-R (Praxis-visuospatial) | 9.55 (2.22) | 9.58 (1.72) | 10.80 (1.36) | 11.04 (1.15) | H = 23.89 ** | 0.125 | 1, 2 < 3, 4 |
| CAMCOG-R (Executive function) |
13.22 (3.93) | 13.83 (3.34) | 15.92 (4.28) | 18.52 (4.71) | F = 16.03 ** | 0.193 | 1, 2 < 3 < 4 |
| Verbal Fluency (Animals) | 11.35 (3.73) | 13.12 (3.36) | 14.77 (4.77) | 18.05 (5.63) | H = 46.00 ** | 0.239 | 1 < 2, 3 < 4 |
| Peabody (Vocabulary) | 52.47 (17.88) | 45.62 (12.98) | 58.25 (17.71) | 64.73 (17.94) | F = 8.72 ** | 0.121 | 1, 2 < 3, 4 |
| CVLT (Short Delay Free Recall) | 3.27 (2.14) | 8.96 (2.14) | 4.00 (2.01) | 10.04 (3.09) | H = 126.67 ** | 0.663 | 1, 3 < 2, 4 |
| Tests for cluster analysis | |||||||
| CAMCOG-R (Language) |
22.94 (2.25) | 22.92 (1.91) | 24.91 (2.40) | 25.67 (2.66) | F = 13.93 ** | 0.182 | 1, 2 < 3, 4 |
| CVLT (Long Delay Free Recall) | 4.12 (3.30) | 9.42 (2.87) | 5.35 (2.92) | 10.74 (3.12) | F = 53.35 ** | 0.460 | 1, 3 < 2, 4 |
| CANTAB (Pattern Recognition Memory) |
67.17 (10.46) | 78.12 (11.21) | 76.79 (12.28) | 83.33 (12.23) | F = 14.12 ** | 0.184 | 1 < 3, 2, 4 |
| Counting Span (Working Memory) |
1.67 (1.14) | 2.00 (1.10) | 2.08 (1.30) | 2.61 (1.22) | F = 5.21 ** | 0.077 | 1 < 4 |
| CANTAB (RTI, Five-choice Reaction Time) | 500.15 (126.99) | 407.19 (64.16) | 427.75 (100.60) | 399.14 (94.65) | H = 20.09 ** | 0.105 | 1> 2, 3,4 |
** p < 0.01. SMCQ = Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire [19]; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination [20,21]; CAMCOG-R = Cambridge Cognitive Examination [22,23,24,25]; Peabody [26,27]; CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test [28,29]; CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery [30]; Counting Span [31,32]. a, F (3188), H (3, n = 192) and χ2(3, n = 192). b, ŋ2with F and H, V with χ2. c, Tukey HSD test (after F test), Mann–Whitney U (H) or adjusted standardized residuals (χ2).