Figure 1.

Murine models for immunotherapy studies of HCC. (A) Syngeneic mouse models: Mouse tumor cells are implanted in immune-competent mice. (B) Chemotoxic agent mouse models: Chemicals are administered to induce HCC growth. (C) Genetically engineered mouse models: Tumor suppressor gene deletion or oncogene activation is built into mice. (D) Human cell line and patient-derived xenograft in humanized mouse models: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or human CD34⁺ cells are given to immunodeficient mice. (PDX, patient-derived xenografts; Hu-PBL, PBMC-humanized mouse model; HSC, hematopoietic stem cells).