Therapeutic efficacy of the CVV in the SNU1196 xenograft model. (a) Tumor size measured in xenograft models treated with PBS, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and WT or CVV. SNU1196 tumors were induced in nude mice. When the tumor volume reached 300 mm3, treatment was started. The treatment scheduled days are noted with downwards arrows. Tumor volume in nude mice after treatment (left). Tumor volume after treatment (left). Image of SNU1196 tumors 4 weeks after treatment (right). One-paired t-test were used to detect the significance in tumor volume growth (* p < 0.05) and one-way ANOVA test shows that tumor volume at day 27 are significantly different between groups (** p <0.0001). (b) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) results for each tumor tissue of the xenograft mice treated with PBS, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and WT or CVV. (scale bar 100 um)