Comparison 1. Community pharmacy user health‐promotion intervention versus usual treatment.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Health‐related behaviour	10	2138	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.14, 0.72]
1.1 Medication adherence	3	1245	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.17 [‐0.23, 0.57]
1.2 Inhaler technique	4	384	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.35, 1.48]
1.3 Other ‐ alcohol consumption, diabetes self‐care and activity impairment	3	509	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.41, 0.68]
2 Intermediate clinical outcomes (final value scores)	20	3971	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.43 [‐0.65, ‐0.21]
2.1 Asthma	8	2120	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.40, ‐0.00]
2.2 Diabetes	6	651	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.81 [‐1.60, ‐0.02]
2.3 Hypertension	4	1050	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.34 [‐0.49, ‐0.18]
2.4 CVD/dyslipidaemia	2	150	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.08 [‐0.40, 0.24]
3 Intermediate clinical outcome (mean change scores)	7	1413	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐0.38, ‐0.17]
3.1 Asthma	2	467	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.32, 0.04]
3.2 Diabetes	2	133	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.64, 0.05]
3.3 Hypertension	1	546	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.36 [‐0.53, ‐0.19]
3.4 Lipids	2	267	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.34 [‐0.67, ‐0.00]
4 Quality of life	10	2733	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.10, 0.50]
4.1 Generic quality of life	5	1567	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [‐0.10, 0.52]
4.2 Asthma‐specific	5	1120	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.38 [0.08, 0.67]
4.3 Diabetes‐specific	1	46	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [‐0.11, 1.06]