Burford 2013.
Methods | Design: RT Groups: intervention (photo‐aging smoking cessation); control group (usual care) |
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Participants | Pharmacies: 8 Pharmacy worker: not reported ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy users: 160 smokers
Setting: urban Country: Perth, Australia |
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Interventions |
Pharmacy worker‐directed intervention: not reported ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user‐directed intervention: standard 2‐minute smoking cessation advice from the pharmacist plus participants were digitally photo‐aged so they could preview images of themselves as a lifelong smoker and as a nonsmoker, and were invited to view the age‐processed images, received smoking cessation advice, and were screened for body dysmorphia.
Pharmacy user control: standard 2‐minute smoking cessation advice from the pharmacist. |
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Outcomes |
Pharmacy worker: not assessed ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user:
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Notes | Study/intervention name: none given Funding source: not reported |
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Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | High risk | Randomisation by researcher on alternate weeks |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | High risk | Quote: "Allocation to groups was not performed as eligible participants were recruited, but according to the treatment being used at the pharmacy during that week." |
Baseline outcome measures similar | Low risk | Quote: "there were no significant differences between the control and intervention group on demographic or smoking dependence at baseline" |
Baseline characteristics similar | Unclear risk | There were differences between groups for concern about physical appearance, and the belief that facial wrinkles are associated with smoking. |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Few participants lost |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | Quote: "Because of the nature of the intervention, the participants and researcher could not be blinded to the study group." |
Protection against contamination | Unclear risk | Allocation to group dependent on week to avoid contamination, but unclear if successful |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | All outcomes appear to have been reported. |
Other bias | Unclear risk | Low numbers of control groups self report quit status was verified with objective carbon monoxide measurement |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Quote: "Because of the nature of the intervention, the participants and researcher could not be blinded to the study group." |