Jaffray 2014.

Methods	Design: cluster‐RT Groups: intervention group (motivational interviewing to improve methadone outcomes); control group (standard practice)
Participants	Pharmacies: 76 of 87 approached were recruited Pharmacy workers: 84 pharmacists of 95 contacted were recruited ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user: 542 methadone patients (295 intervention; 247 control) mean age: intervention 32.3 ± 7.1 years; control 32.6 ± 7.3 years % female: intervention 35.9%; control 36.6% Setting: Tayside, Ayrshire, Fort Valley, Lanarkshire, Grampian, Fife Country: Scotland, UK
Interventions	Pharmacy worker‐directed intervention: training in motivational interviewing during 4 sessions, the first 2 sessions emphasised techniques and discussion, and subsequent sessions allowed practice of skills. The intervention was also supported by a resource pack. Delivered by: Scottish Training on Drugs and Alcohol (STRADA) accredited motivational interview trainers Type: education materials; meetings; resource packs Mode of delivery: group; individual face‐to‐face; written materials; videotape TDF: knowledge, skills, memory, attention, decision making, environment, context, resources Duration: 4 sessions of training Pharmacy worker control: usual practice ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user‐directed intervention: motivational interviewing offered at sessions over 6 months Delivered by: pharmacists Type: motivational interviewing Mode of delivery: individual face‐to‐face Duration: 6 month Number of sessions: as needed TDF: this level of intervention not reported Follow‐up: 7 months (end of treatment) Pharmacy user control: usual treatment
Outcomes	Pharmacy worker: Uptake + attendance at training ‐ 60% to 80% Behaviour: motivational interview techniques using the Behaviour Change Counseling Index (BECCI) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user: Clinical: not assessed Psychological health: not assessed Behavioural: illicit heroin use Quality of life: Maudsley Addition Profile Process: interaction with pharmacists Costs: not assessed
Notes	Funding source: Chief Scientist Office, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised but method unclear
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear method for randomisation
Baseline outcome measures similar	Low risk	Any differences adjusted for in analyses
Baseline characteristics similar	Low risk	Any differences adjusted for in analyses
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Intention‐to‐treat with imputation for missing values but only for certain variables, others excluded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Assessor aware of groupings
Protection against contamination	High risk	Although cluster randomised, report considerable movement of patients between pharmacies.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Not noted
Other bias	Unclear risk	Only missing estimates were made for treatment satisfaction, physical and psychological scores.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Patients blinded