Mayer 1998.
Methods | Design: cluster‐RT Groups: intervention group (pharmacist training in skin cancer prevention); control group (usual care) |
|
Participants | Pharmacies 54 (out of 88 sites) Pharmacy worker: pharmacists 147 (out of 178 invited)
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user: not targeted Setting: unclear Country: USA |
|
Interventions |
Pharmacy worker‐directed intervention: training was provided to pharmacists about how to reduce ultraviolet radiation exposure and use sun protection of 15 or higher. A videotape and accompanying print materials were used for 3 weeks, then pharmacists received weekly written feedback on skin cancer prevention counselling performance, plus incentives for the "winning" performance for a further 3 weeks. The 23‐minute videotape contained didactic information about skin cancer prevention, a model ("Ask, Advise, and Assist") to help pharmacists give brief counselling to their patients,and 6 brief scenes showing pharmacist‐patient interactions.
Pharmacy worker control: not reported ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user‐directed intervention: not directly targeted |
|
Outcomes |
Pharmacy worker:
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Pharmacy user: not assessed |
|
Notes | Study/intervention name: Project SUNWISE Funding source ‐ Grant AR 43025 from the National Institue of Arthritis and Musculskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), videotape by Glaxo Wellcome Mayer 1998 (cited under Mayer 1998) also refers to this study |
|
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Randomisation method not specified |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | No information in trial report |
Baseline outcome measures similar | Low risk | Although differences at baseline were reported, these were controlled for in analyses |
Baseline characteristics similar | Low risk | No significant differences apparent |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Across all observations, 138 pharmacists were observed. Of these, 33 were observed at pretest only, 25 were observed at post‐test only, and 80 were observed at both times. Intervention site pharmacists 71; control site pharmacists 67 Not clear how missing data from pre/post‐test were handled |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Simulated patients (mystery shoppers) blind to study groups |
Protection against contamination | Low risk | Cluster randomisation |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Not noted |
Other bias | High risk | There appeared to be some discrepancy in figures reported between publications. |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | High risk | Confederates were blinded to pharmacy study conditions, but pharmacists were aware of intervention group. |