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. 2019 Dec 6;2019(12):CD011207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011207.pub2

Okada 2018.

Methods Design: cluster‐RT
Groups: intervention group (lifestyle support for blood pressure); control (usual care)
Participants Pharmacies: 73 (37 intervention; 36 control)
Pharmacy worker: pharmacist
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Pharmacy user: 125 hypertensive patients (64 intervention; 61 control)
  • mean age: intervention 61.6 ± 9.9 years; control 66.6 ± 9.0 years

  • % female: intervention 40% ; control 35%


Setting: unclear
Country: Japan
Interventions Pharmacy worker‐directed intervention: training in motivational interviewing‐based communication
  • Delivered by: unclear

  • Type: communication skills

  • Mode of delivery: unsure whether face‐to‐face or some other means

  • TDF: knowledge, skills

  • Duration: 4 hours


Pharmacy worker control: not reported
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Pharmacy user‐directed intervention: home blood pressure monitoring, healthy lifestyle advice using motivational interviewing and brochures
  • Delivered by: community pharmacist

  • Type: motivational interviewing

  • Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face + leaflets

  • TDF: knowledge, skills, goals, environment, context, resources, behavioural regulation

  • Duration: 3 visits

  • Follow‐up: 12 weeks from baseline, 4 weeks from end of intervention


Pharmacy user control: provided with home blood pressure monitor and basic explanation of medications
Outcomes Pharmacy worker:
  • Uptake: 73 pharmacies recruited but 17 did not recruit any patients)


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Pharmacy user:
  • Clinical: SBP/DBP, BMI

  • Psychological health: not assessed

  • Behavioural: medication adherence (Morisky Scale), International Physical Activity questionnaire, salt intake

  • Quality of life: EuroQol

  • Process: attitude and knowledge about hypertension

  • Costs:not assessed

Notes Study/intervention name: COMmunity Pharmacists ASSist for Blood Pressure (COMPASS‐BP)
Funding source: KAKENHI Grant in Aid
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk Central randomisation
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk Central randomisation
Baseline outcome measures similar High risk Intervention group had lower blood pressure at baseline
Baseline characteristics similar High risk Differences on several measurements at baseline
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Final analysis used carry forward method to address missing data
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Outcome assessment was blinded
Protection against contamination Low risk Cluster design
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Low risk Not apparent
Other bias High risk Only patients who had adhered sufficiently to a strict 2‐week run‐in monitoring period were recruited so the sample may not be representative of less motivated individuals.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes High risk Group not blinded