Skip to main content
. 2019 Dec 6;2019(12):CD011207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011207.pub2

Schmiedel 2015.

Methods Design: cluster‐RT
Groups: intervention group (diabetes prevention); control group (no treatment)
Participants Pharmacies: 22 (11 intervention; 11 control)
Pharmacy worker: pharmacists
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Pharmacy user: 1092 (565 intervention; 575 control)
  • mean age 57.5 ± 11.3 years

  • % female: 68.6%


Setting: unclear
Country: Germany (Bavaria)
Interventions Pharmacy worker‐directed intervention: half day training on behaviour change + 1 day on how to conduct the trial
  • Delivered by: not reported

  • Type: not reported

  • Mode of delivery: not clear

  • TDF: knowledge

  • Duration: half day training on behaviour change


Pharmacy worker control: 1 day training on how to conduct the trial
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Pharmacy user‐directed intervention: 3 individual counselling sessions and 5 group lectures covering diabetes and lifestyle issues and personalised goals. Provided written information on healthy diet and physical activity
  • Delivered by: pharmacist

  • Type: behaviour change

  • Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face (individual and group)

  • TDF: knowledge, goals, environment, context, resources, behavioural regulation

  • Duration: 3 individual counselling sessions + 5 x 75‐ to 90‐minute lectures

  • Follow‐up: 12 months (end of intervention)


Pharmacy user control: assessed and informed about their health status but no further counselling.
Outcomes Pharmacy worker:
  • Uptake: not reported, but 2 of 40 dropped out of trial


‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Pharmacy user:
  • Clinical: change in FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score), weight, BP

  • Psychological health: not assessed

  • Behavioural: physical activity

  • Quality of life: SF12

  • Process: not assessed

  • Costs: not assessed

Notes Study/intervention name: GLICEMIA (this is the program name not an acronym)
Funding source: Dr August and Dr Anni Lesmuller‐Stiftung Foundation, the Bavarian State Ministry of Public Health and Care Services (through the funding and health promotion initiative Gesund Leben Bayern), the Bavarian State Corporate Health Insurers, and the funding initiative for prevention (Forderinitiative Pravention eV).
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Unclear risk No method specified
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Not reported
Baseline outcome measures similar Low risk No significant differences
Baseline characteristics similar Low risk No significant differences
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Missing data imputed
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Unclear risk Not reported
Protection against contamination Low risk Multi‐centre cluster‐RT
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Low risk None noted
Other bias Low risk None noted
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes High risk Not blinded