Table 1.
Summary of the literature on the use of avoidant-type coping measures among people with CID.
| Variable | Coping scale |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WCC/WCQ | COPE | Brief COPE | CRI | Total number | |
| Type of CID | |||||
| Amputation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 (4.1%) |
| Cancer | 10 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 33 (33.7%) |
| Cardio | 4 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 22 (22.4%) |
| MS | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 17 (17.3%) |
| SCI | 6 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 13 (13.3%) |
| TBI | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 9 (9.2%) |
| Duration of CID | |||||
| 0–2 months | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 (5.1%) |
| >2 months–2 years | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 18 (18.4%) |
| >2–10 years | 9 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 22 (22.4% |
| >10 years | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 (10.2%) |
| Not reported | 13 | 15 | 11 | 4 | 43 (43.9%) |
| Scale version | |||||
| Original | 20 | 23 | 15 | 6 | 64 (65.3%) |
| Modified/partial | 15 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 34 (34.7%) |
| Research Design | |||||
| Cross sectional | 26 | 19 | 21 | 7 | 73 (74.5%) |
| Longitudinala | 9 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 25 (25.5%) |
| Type of outcome used | |||||
| Positive | 5 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 17 (17.3%) |
| Negative | 22 | 15 | 6 | 6 | 49 (50%) |
| Mixedb | 6 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 26 (26.5%) |
| Otherc | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 (6.1%) |
| Direction of association | |||||
| ATC correlated with poor adaptation | 28 | 22 | 21 | 8 | 79 (80.6%) |
| ATC uncorrelated with poor adaptation | 7 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 19 (19.4%) |
| Magnitude of association between ATC and outcomesd | |||||
| r < .10 | 9 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 27 (10.1%) |
| .11 < r < .30 | 16 | 41 | 21 | 1 | 79 (29.5%) |
| .31 < r < .50 | 23 | 34 | 35 | 4 | 96 (35.8%) |
| r > .51 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 25 (9.3%) |
| β significant | 11 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 26 (9.7%) |
| β nonsignificant | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 (3%) |
| ATC scale’s alpha coefficient valuee | |||||
| α ⩽ .50 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 (5.3%) |
| .50 < α ⩽ .70 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 30 (26.5%) |
| α > .70 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 0 | 29 (25.7%) |
| α unspecified, unreported, or includes multiple values | 20 | 17 | 8 | 3 | 48 (42.5%) |
WCC: Ways of Coping Checklist; WCQ: Ways of Coping Questionnaire; COPE: Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced; CRI: Coping Responses Inventory; CID: chronic illness and disability; MS: multiple sclerosis; SCI: spinal cord injuries; TBI: traumatic brain injuries; ATC: avoidance-type coping.
Of these: T1–T2 (n = 14), T1–T3 (n = 7), T1–T4 (n = 3), and T1–T9 (n = 1).
Includes both negatively and positively valanced outcome measures.
Includes non-traditional, trait-like outcomes such as hope, optimism, self-efficacy, as well as seldom used measures (see “Discussion”).
Many of the studies reported correlations between different ATC scales/measures and several outcomes, yielding a total of 268 coefficient values. Also, several studies reported only β values and their level of significance. Finally seven studies failed to report any qualitative data (see “Results”).
Several of the studies reported more than one ATC measure, yielding a total of 113 coefficient values.