Table 5.

Associations Between Personality Traits and Risk of Performance One Standard Deviation Below the Mean

Trait	Episodic Memory	Speed-Attention-Executive	Visual-Spatial Ability	Fluency	Numeric Reasoning
Neuroticism	1.22 (1.08–1.36)*	1.40 (1.25–1.57)*	1.25 (1.12–1.40)*	1.20 (1.08–1.34)*	1.27 (1.12–1.45)*
Extraversion	.89 (.80–.99)	.83 (.75–.93)*	.85 (.76–.95)*	.83 (.75–.92)*	.88 (.78–1.01)
Openness	.84 (.75–.94)*	.81 (.72–.90)*	.74 (.66–.83)*	.81 (.73–.90)*	.80 (.70–.91)*
Agreeableness	.80 (.72–.89)*	.75 (.67–.83)*	.84 (.75–.93)*	.84 (.76–.93)*	.79 (.69–.91)*
Conscientiousness	.78 (.70–.88)*	.72 (.65–.81)*	.81 (.72–.90)*	.85 (.76–.94)*	.81 (.71–.93)*
Sample size	2817	2808	2808	2816	2457

Note. Coefficients are odds ratios (95% Confidence Interval) from logistic regression controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity. Education, and language of test administration

^*p < .01