Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population, by outcome (progression to any dementia)
| Characteristics | Data available | All (N = 318) | Progression to dementia (N = 121) | No progression to dementia (N = 197) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 318 | 64.8 (9.1) | 67.9 (8.3) | 63.0 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 318 | 174 (54.7%) | 64 (52.9%) | 110 (55.8%) | 0.61 |
| Education, years | 293 | 11.7 (3.7) | 11.7 (3.5) | 11.7 (3.9) | 0.97 |
| Follow-up time, years | 318 | 2.8 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.9) | 0.83 |
| Cognition | |||||
| MMSE score | 315 | 27.1 (2.5) | 27.0 (2.3) | 27.1 (2.7) | 0.72 |
| RAVLT, immediate recall score | 215 | 34.6 (9.8) | 30.6 (8.4) | 37.5 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
| RAVLT, delayed recall score | 235 | 5.6 (3.3) | 4.2 (2.9) | 6.5 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| CSF Aβ42, pg/ml | 318 | 849.1 (293.6) | 703.7 (222.5) | 938.5 (296.7) | < 0.001 |
| CSF t-tau, pg/ml | 317 | 335.5 (184.9) | 418.0 (193.5) | 284.5 (159.7) | < 0.001 |
| CSF p-tau, pg/ml | 317 | 58.0 (25.1) | 65.7 (22.8) | 53.3 (25.4) | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal t-tau (≥ 400 pg/ml) | 317 | 92 (29.0%) | 55 (45.5%) | 37 (18.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal p-tau (≥ 80 pg/ml) | 317 | 60 (18.9%) | 31 (25.6%) | 29 (14.8%) | 0.02 |
| CSF Aβ42/t-tau ratio | 317 | 3.4 (2.0) | 2.2 (1.4) | 4.1 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| CSF Aβ42/p-tau ratio | 317 | 18.0 (10.4) | 12.5 (6.9) | 21.4 (10.7) | < 0.001 |
| MTA score | 237 | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.001 |
| MTA score > 1 | 237 | 84 (35.4%) | 45 (46.9%) | 39 (27.7%) | 0.002 |
| Vascular factors | |||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 245 | 143.5 (19.2) | 148.4 (21.7) | 140.6 (17.1) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 245 | 83.4 (10.5) | 84.7 (10.5) | 82.6 (10.5) | 0.13 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 205 | 26.0 (4.0) | 25.5 (4.0) | 26.3 (4.0) | 0.23 |
| Current smoking | 287 | 41 (14.3%) | 15 (13.5%) | 26 (14.8%) | 0.77 |
| Hypertension | 318 | 130 (40.9%) | 54 (44.6%) | 76 (38.6%) | 0.29 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 318 | 93 (29.3%) | 40 (33.1%) | 53 (26.9%) | 0.24 |
| Diabetes | 318 | 53 (16.7%) | 20 (16.5%) | 33 (16.8%) | 0.96 |
| CAIDE risk score | 174 | 7.5 (2.5) | 7.9 (2.1) | 7.4 (2.6) | 0.18 |
| CAIDE risk score with APOE | 91 | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.8 (2.4) | 9.2 (2.4) | 0.22 |
| Other factors | |||||
| APOE ε4 carrier | 171 | 86 (50.3%) | 44 (65.7%) | 42 (40.4%) | 0.001 |
| Family history of dementia | 306 | 119 (38.9%) | 47 (39.8%) | 72 (38.3%) | 0.79 |
| Cornell score | 248 | 6.1 (4.7) | 5.2 (4.2) | 6.6 (4.9) | 0.02 |
Data are mean (SD) or N (%). P values are shown for comparisons between patients who developed/did not develop dementia. P values < 0.05 are italicized. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were defined as diagnosis of hypertension/hyperlipidemia and treatment with any antihypertensive/lipid-lowering drug. Family history of dementia included at least one affected first-degree relative. APOE apolipoprotein E, Aβ42 β-amyloid 1–42, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CAIDE Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia Study, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MTA medial temporal lobe atrophy, visual rating, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, p-tau tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, t-tau total tau