Table 3.

The specific conditions of ES to induce cell proliferation and differentiation

Cell type	Type of ES	Electrical parameters	Major findings
Osteoblast	DC	100 mA	Celluar proliferation, elongation were improved
NSCs	Biphasic current pulses	100 μA, 100 Hz with 100 μsec duration	NSCs proliferation was promoted associating with upregulated neuronal gene expression level and increased microtubule-associated protein 2
Cardiomyocytes	DC	~1 μA	Enhances proliferation with no morphological changes in vitro, modulate the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in vitro and in vivo
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (Foreskin)-2 cell line	Biphasic current pulses	65 mV/mm or 200 mV/mm for 5 min, 1 Hz, and 1 ms pulse width	The cell showed cardiac differentiation with increased the expression of NKX2.5 and TBX5, as well as the proteins ACTC1, TNNT2, MYH7, and MYL7
Human ESCs	N/A	6.6 V/cm, 1 Hz, and 2 ms pulses	Upregulation of gene expression including HCN1, MLC2V, SCN5A, SERCA, Kv4.3, and GATA4; cellular elongation, and an increase in the proportion of ventricular-like hESC-derived cardiomyocytes
Mouse bone marrow stromal cells	Rectangular pulse	100 mV, 10 Hz, 2.0 ms, 30 min	Induced the differentiation of mouse BMSCs into neural cells with enhanced neurogenin2 (Ngn2) expression
SCs & PC12 cell	N/A	100 mV/cm, 1 h	Promote SCs proliferation, and promoted PC12 cell differentiation into SCs and axonal extension
Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursors Mc-3 T3-E1	Rectangular pulses	200 mV/cm, 1 Hz to 100 kHz, 30 min	100 Hz could up-regulate the mRNA levels of collagen I, collagen II and Runx2, accelerate cells differentiation and proliferation, down-regulate the mRNA levels of osteopontin (OPN). 1 Hz to 10 Hz could improve calcium deposition in the intracellular matrix.
BMSCs	N/A	20 mV/cm, 60 kHz	An increase in ALP and col1 transcript, and NADH, FAD, lipofuscin was detected, improved hMSC differentiation potential to bone