Table 1.
General characteristic of study participants
| Variable | Study groups | P-value a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I: Control bread ( n = 25) | II: Lactic acid bread (n = 25) | III: Synbiotic bread (n = 25) | IV: Synbioti + lactic acid bread (n = 25) | ||
| Age (years) | 54.60 ± 0.83 | 55.00 ± 0.97 | 54.92 ± 1.02 | 53.88 ± 1.09 | 0.84 |
| Height (cm) | 168.48 ± 1.57 | 169.60 ± 1.59 | 170.96 ± 1.47 | 167.72 ± 1.53 | 0.47 |
| Weight at study baseline (kg) | 75.80 ± 0.93 | 75.48 ± 1.67 | 76.28 ± 0.79 | 74.64 ± 1.26 | 0.80 |
| Weight at end-of-trial (kg) | 75.72 ± 0.90 | 75.48 ± 1.59 | 75.76 ± 0.79 | 74.72 ± 1.23 | 0.91 |
| Weight change (kg) | − 0.08 ± 0.32 | 0.00 ± 0.29 | − 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.08 ± 0.34 | 0.67 |
| BMI at study baseline (kg/m2) | 27.04 ± 0.50 | 26.33 ± 0.46 | 26.39 ± 0.51 | 26.83 ± 0.42 | 0.67 |
| BMI at end-of-trial (kg/m2) | 26.61 ± 0.41 | 26.28 ± 0.44 | 25.70 ± 0.50 | 26.30 ± 0.41 | 0.54 |
| BMI change (kg/m2) | − 0.44 ± 0.19 | − 0.05 ± 0.14 | − 0.68 ± 0.24 | − 0.52 ± 0.18 | 0.14 |
| Metformin use (n/day) | 2.00 ± 0.12 | 2.00 ± 0.28 | 1.70 ± 0.26 | 2.00 ± 0.22 | 0.98 |
| Glibenclamide use (n/day) | 1.2 ± 0.16 | 1.00 ± 0.22 | 2.00 ± 0.18 | 1.80 ± 0.22 | 0.88 |
All values are mean ± SEM
BMI body mass index
aObtained from One-way ANOVA