Table 2.
Dietary intake of study participants after 8 weeks of intervention
| Variable | Study groups | Baseline | End-of-trial | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/day) | I: Control bread | 2203.21 ± 81.02 | 2192.00 ± 70.79 | 0.87 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 2094.62 ± 58.68 | 2130.44 ± 59.14 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 2212.38 ± 81.17 | 2138.17 ± 56.97 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 2085.71± 57.79 | 2130.28 ± 58.66 | ||
|
Carbohydrate (g/day) |
I: Control bread | 313.44 ± 8.61 | 311.08 ± 8.55 | 0.22 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 295.04 ± 8.91 | 295.72 ± 7.00 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 313.44 ± 8.61 | 311.68 ± 8.44 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 295.04 ± 8.91 | 293.44 ± 7.88 | ||
|
Protein (g/day) |
I: Control bread | 70.64 ± 6.50 | 69.84 ± 5.62 | 0.14 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 59.60 ± 3.73 | 57.00 ± 3.13 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 70.64 ± 6.50 | 69.48 ± 5.63 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 59.60 ± 3.73 | 60.52 ± 4.26 | ||
|
Total fat (g/day) |
I: Control bread | 81.84 ± 3.36 | 80.48 ± 2.84 | 0.84 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 79.72 ± 2.09 | 78.28 ± 2.41 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 82.16 ± 3.19 | 79.44 ± 2.62 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 79.70 ± 2.09 | 77.23 ± 13.79 | ||
|
SFA (g/day) |
I: Control bread | 22.47 ± 1.30 | 20.62 ± 0.95 | 0.24 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 18.99 ± 0.55 | 19.75 ± 0.93 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 22.47 ± 1.30 | 22.84 ± 1.22 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 18.99 ± 0.55 | 21.26 ± 1.21 | ||
|
TDF (g/day) |
I: Control bread | 14.27 ± 0.53 | 14.58 ± 0.47 | 0.75 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 15.14 ± 0.67 | 14.60 ± 0.75 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 13.32 ± 0.60 | 14.19 ± 0.49 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 15.10 ± 0.63 | 15.06 ± 0.50 | ||
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | I: Control bread | 5.07± 0.12 | 5.02 ±0.11 | 0.44 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 4.75 ± 0.14 | 4.95 ± 0.14 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 5.07 ± 0.12 | 4.79 ± 0.14 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 4.75 ± 0.14 | 4.76 ± 0.12 | ||
|
Vitamin C (mg/day) |
I: Control bread | 17.28 ± 0.72 | 16.61 ± 0.61 | 0.85 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 16.88 ± 0.59 | 16.97 ± 0.58 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 17.28 ± 0.72 | 17.15 ± 0.69 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 16.88 ± 0.59 | 17.36 ± 0.55 | ||
|
Zinc (mg/day) |
I: Control bread | 7.38 ± 0.21 | 7.16 ± 0.21 | 0.18 |
| II: Lactic acid bread | 5.72 ± 0.20 | 6.52 ± 0.27 | ||
| III: Synbiotic bread | 7.38 ± 0.21 | 6.84 ± 0.21 | ||
| IV: Synbiotic + lactic acid bread | 5.72 ± 0.20 | 6.58 ± 0.20 |
All values are mean ± SEM
SFA saturated fatty acid, TDF total dietary fiber
aObtained from One-way ANOVA