TABLE 4.

Reproductive outcomes of ARTs spermatozoa selected by hyaluronic acid.

Sperm origin	Oocyte origin	Number of couples	Sperm groups	Fertilization rate (%)	Cleavage (%)	Blastocyst (%)	Embryos transferred (n)	Clinical pregnancy (%)	Live birth rate/ET (%)	References
Patients: wide range of sperm quality	Patients. different conditions	50	HA coated dishes	79.4 ± 26	ND	ND	ND	40	ND	Nasr-Esfahani et al., 2008
			PVP	67.7 ± 23.5				55
Patients: oligozoospermic	Patients: average age of 37–38 years	112	HA solution	91.6	ND	ND	125	24.8	23.2	Parmegiani et al., 2010a
		94	PVP	85.8			105	20.9	18
Patients	Patients: age ≤ 39 years	293	HA coated dishes	93.4	ND	ND	326	32.8	16.3	Parmegiani et al., 2010b
		86	PVP	87.1			96	21.6	18.8
Patients: normozoospermic	Patients: ages ranged from 30 to 42 years	18	HA solution	75.7	72.9	22.9	ND	ND	ND	Choe et al., 2012
			PVP	83	83	24
Patients: motility ≥ 5%, total sperm number ≥ 1 × 106	Patients: age ≤ 40 years	50	HA coated dishes	82	ND	ND	49	42.9	18	Parmegiani et al., 2012
		50	HA solution	82			50	40	15
Patients	Patients: age < 38 and other selection criteria	71	HA coated dishes	64.7	ND	ND	177	35.2	12.4	Majumdar and Majumdar, 2013
		80	PVP	65.7			192	35	10.9
Patients	Patients: (age < 40 years)	63	HA coated dishes	ND	ND	ND	ND	50.8∗	ND	Worrilow et al., 2013
		58	PVP					37.9
Patients	Patients (age < 40 years)	102	HA coated dishes	55.7	ND	ND	ND	39.3∗∗	0.49∗∗∗	Mokánszki et al., 2014
		42	PVP	52.8				26.6	0.27
Patients: various male factors included	ND	19	HA coated dishes	71.93	95.12	ND	19	42.1∗∗∗	ND	Erberelli et al., 2017
		37	PVP	64.14	95.27		37	16.21
Patients: able to produce freshly ejaculate (ages 18–55 years)	Patients: age (18–43)	1387	HA coated dishes	66	ND	ND	1381	35.2	27.4	Miller et al., 2019
		1385	PVP	69			1371	35.7	25.2

All the reported cases followed ICSI. Values are expressed as % ± w/o, SEM, SD, or (interquartile range). ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001.