Table 1.
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with false-negative T-SPOT.TB results in childhood TB
| N | Negative | Positive | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 156 | 22 (14.1%) | 134 (85.9%) | – | – |
| Gender (male) | 94 (60.3%) | 15 (68.2%) | 79 (59.0%) | 0.415 | |
| Age (years) | 11.2 ± 4.8 | 6.5 ± 6.2 | 12.0 ± 4.0 | 0.000 | 0.117 (0.043, 0.318) |
| History of a TB contact | 23 (14.7%) | 2 (9.1%) | 21 (15.7%) | 0.426 | – |
| Time between symptom onset and T-SPOT.TB test (days) | 55.1 ± 76.6 | 46.7 ± 49.8 | 56.5 ± 80.2 | 0.578 | – |
| Acid-fast bacilli smear (+) | 32/142 (22.5%) | 2/14 (14.3%) | 30/128 (22.4%) | 0.443 | – |
| Fever | 101 (64.7%) | 9 (40.9%) | 92 (68.7%) | 0.015 | 3.164 (1.255, 7.979) |
| Lung cavity | 23 (14.7%) | 1 (4.5%) | 22 (16.4%) | 0.177 | – |
| Retreatment case | 9 (5.8%) | 2 (9.1%) | 7 (5.2%) | 0.477 | – |
| Relapse | 4 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (100%) | 0.999 | – |
| Weight for age | −0.15 ± 1.47 | 0.39 ± 1.96 | −0.24 ± 1.37 | 0.067 | – |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Pulmonary TB | 103 (66.0%) | 9 (40.9%) | 94 (70.1%) | 0.010 | 3.394 (1.343, 8.577) |
| Extrapulmonary TB | 104 (66.7%) | 18 (81.8%) | 86 (64.2%) | 0.113 | – |
| Pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB | 51 (32.7%) | 5 (22.7%) | 46 (34.3%) | 0.287 | – |
| Pleural TB | 64 (41.0%) | 5 (22.7%) | 59 (44.0%) | 0.067 | – |
| Tuberculous lymphadenitis | 24 (15.4%) | 10 (45.5%) | 14 (10.4%) | 0.000 | 0.140 (0.051, 0.383) |
| Tuberculous meningitis | 10 (6.4%) | 2 (9.1%) | 8 (6.0%) | 0.583 | – |
| Disseminated TB | 4 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (3.0%) | 0.999 | – |
| Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis | 3/102 (2.9%) | 0/11 (0%) | 3/91 (3.3%) | 0.999 | – |
| Biochemical analysis | |||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 68.3 ± 6.9 | 64.6 ± 5.9 | 69.0 ± 6.8 | 0.009 | 1.102 (1.025, 1.185) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.6 ± 4.6 | 41.9 ± 4.9 | 40.4 ± 4.5 | 0.168 | – |
| Flow cytometry analysis | |||||
| CD19+ (%) | 17.1 ± 7.7 | 16.2 ± 5.0 | 17.2 ± 7.9 | 0.732 | – |
| CD3+ (%) | 67.1 ± 10.1 | 69.8 ± 6.9 | 66.9 ± 10.4 | 0.409 | – |
| CD3+CD4+ (%) | 35.4 ± 7.6 | 35.7 ± 10.5 | 35.4 ± 7.4 | 0.888 | – |
| CD3+CD8+ (%) | 27.4 ± 7.4 | 29.3 ± 7.7 | 27.2 ± 7.3 | 0.418 | – |
| CD3-CD16+CD56+ (%) | 11.3 ± 6.8 | 9.6 ± 5.5 | 11.4 ± 7.0 | 0.442 | – |
| CD4+/CD8+ | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.792 | – |
| Hematological tests | |||||
| White blood cell (109/L) | 8.1 ± 3.5 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 7.9 ± 3.2 | 0.171 | – |
| Red blood cell (1,012/L) | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 0.004 | 3.963 (1.551, 10.125) |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 118.7 ± 16.7 | 111.0 ± 17.5 | 120.0 ± 16.3 | 0.020 | 1.035 (1.005, 1.065) |
| Hematocrit (%) | 38.2 ± 28.9 | 33.3 ± 4.5 | 39.0 ± 31.0 | 0.003 | 1.192 (1.061, 1.340) |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL) | 80.8 ± 6.2 | 80.2 ± 5.2 | 80.9 ± 6.4 | 0.641 | – |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg) | 26.7 ± 2.5 | 26.7 ± 2.3 | 26.6 ± 2.6 | 0.940 | – |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/L) | 329.7 ± 13.0 | 332.5 ± 13.5 | 329.3 ± 12.9 | 0.270 | – |
| Platelet (109/L) | 353 ± 111 | 361 ± 89 | 352 ± 115 | 0.715 | – |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 0.248 | |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 0.000 | 0.660 (0.522, 0.834) |
| Monocyte (109/L) | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.637 | – |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.010 (0.001, 0.213) |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.559 | – |
| Mean platelet volume (fL) | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 0.889 | – |
| Plateletcrit (%) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.670 | – |
| Coefficient of variation of red cell distribution width (%) | 14.1 ± 2.0 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 2.1 | 0.497 | – |
| Platelet distribution width (fL) | 10.9 ± 2.0 | 10.3 ± 1.3 | 11.0 ± 2.1 | 0.148 | – |
| Red cell distribution width (fL) | 40.1 ± 5.3 | 39.4 ± 3.0 | 40.2 ± 5.6 | 0.530 | – |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hour) | 32.2 ± 25.0 | 30.0 ± 29.4 | 32.6 ± 24.3 | 0.655 | – |
TB = tuberculosis.