Table 6.
Two-stage least squares regression of log GDPpc PPP on log malaria incidence—subregional level clustering of standard errors
| Panel A: dependent variable—log GDPpc PPP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel IV (1) | Panel IV (2) | Panel IV (3) | Panel IV (4) | Pooled IV (5) | |
| Log malaria incidence | −0.280* [−0.589, 0.030] | −0.291** [−0.572, −0.009] | −0.280* [−0.572, 0.013] | −0.358*** [−0.527, −0.190] | −0.208*** [−0.280, −0.137] |
| Rule of Law | – | 0.070 [−0.055, 0.195] | – | 0.143 [−0.035, 0.320] | 0.272*** [0.167, 0.378] |
| Trade per cent of GDP | – | 0.000 [−0.001, 0.001] | – | −0.001 [−0.004, 0.002] | −0.002 [−0.007, 0.003] |
| Year | Trend | Effects | Effects | Effects | Effects |
| Panel B: first-stage dependent variable—log malaria incidence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confirmed insecticide resistance | 0.119** [0.002, 0.236] | 0.130** [0.016, 0.243] | – | – | 2.692*** [1.019, 4.365] |
| Possible insecticide resistance | 0.086 [−0.046, 0.219] | 0.093*** [0.061, 0.125] | – | – | – |
| Treatment failure (%) | – | – | −0.014*** [−0.021, −0.007] | −0.013*** [−0.017, −0.010] | 0.004 [−0.291, 0.300] |
| Rule of Law | – | −0.014 [−0.168, 0.139] | – | −0.303* [−0.625, 0.018] | −1.268** [−2.427, −0.108] |
| Trade per cent of GDP | – | 0.001 [−0.002, 0.004] | – | −0.004 [−0.013, 0.005] | 0.001 [−0.031, 0.032] |
| Number of observations | 462 | 431 | 196 | 186 | 131 |
| Number of countries | 66 | 63 | 49 | 45 | 31 |
| First-stage F-statistic | 27.21 | 43.27 | 20.59 | 23.39 | 78.96 |
| Hansen J-statistic of overidentification | 0.359 | 0.263 | – | – | 0.231 |
Note:*P < 0.10, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01. All panel estimations include country effects and all estimations used standard errors clustered at the subregional level; 95% CIs are given in brackets below coefficients.