Table 7.
Two-stage least squares regression of log GDPpc PPP on log malaria incidence—country-level clustering of standard errors
| Panel A: dependent variable—log GDPpc PPP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel IV (1) | Panel IV (2) | Panel IV (3) | Panel IV (4) | Pooled IV (5) | |
| Log malaria incidence | −0.280 [−0.811, 0.252] | −0.291 [−0.775, 0.194] | −0.280* [−0.591, 0.031] | −0.358 [−0.850, 0.134] | −0.208*** [−0.363, −0.054] |
| Rule of Law | – | 0.070 [−0.044, 0.183] | – | 0.143 [−0.135, 0.420] | 0.272 [−0.106, 0.650] |
| Trade per cent of GDP | – | 0.000 [−0.002, 0.002] | – | −0.001 [−0.004, 0.002] | −0.002 [−0.006, 0.002] |
| Year | Trend | Effects | Effects | Effects | Effects |
| Panel B: first-stage dependent variable—log malaria incidence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confirmed insecticide resistance | 0.119 [−0.039, 0.277] | 0.130 [−0.047, 0.306] | – | – | 2.771*** [1.042, 4.500] |
| Possible insecticide resistance | 0.086 [−0.087, 0.260] | 0.093 [−0.096, 0.282] | – | – | – |
| Treatment failure (%) | – | – | −0.013* [−0.028, 0.002] | −0.012 [−0.031, 0.008] | 0.004 [−0.121, 0.129] |
| Rule of Law | – | −0.014 [−0.348, 0.320] | – | −0.292 [−0.931, 0.347] | −1.191* [−2.453, 0.072] |
| Trade per cent of GDP | – | 0.001 [−0.004, 0.006] | – | −0.004 [−0.010, 0.003] | 0.001 [−0.020, 0.022] |
| Number of observations | 462 | 431 | 196 | 186 | 131 |
| Number of countries | 66 | 63 | 49 | 45 | 31 |
| First-stage F-statistic | 9.00 | 2.21 | 2.69 | 2.57 | 3.82 |
| Hansen J-statistic of overidentification | 0.032 | 0.015 | – | – | 0.609 |
Note:*P < 0.10, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01. All panel estimations include country effects and all estimations used standard errors clustered at the country level; 95% CIs are given in brackets below coefficients.