Table 3.
Adjusted RRs and RDs of indicators of health and health care in asylum-seeking and undocumented migrant women and refugee women (N = 31 609a)
| Asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants | Refugee women | Asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants vs. refugee women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1969 | N = 29 640 | RR | (95% CI) | RD per 1000 births | (95% CI) | ||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | ||||||
| Maternal health in general | |||||||||
| Maternal poor self-rated health before pregnancy | 741 | (37.6) | 5059 | (17.1) | 1.84 | (1.72 to 1.97) | 145.5 | (124.9 to 166.2) | |
| Indicators of perinatal health | |||||||||
| Maternal | |||||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 34 | (1.7) | 510 | (1.7) | 1.19 | (0.82 to 1.73) | 3.2 | (–4.2 to 10.7) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 44 | (2.2) | 1096 | (3.7) | 0.76 | (0.56 to 1.03) | –9.0 | (–17.7 to –0.4) | |
| Severe postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss > 1000 ml) | 82 | (4.2) | 1693 | (5.8) | 0.78 | (0.62 to 0.98) | –12.7 | (–23.2 to –2.2) | |
| Degree III–IV anal sphincter tearb | 52 | (2.6) | 766 | (3.1) | 0.94 | (0.71 to 1.25) | –1.9 | (–10.4 to 6.6) | |
| Foetal | |||||||||
| Stillbirth | 14 | (0.7) | 192 | (0.7) | 1.30 | (0.74 to 2.29) | 2.0 | (–2.8 to 6.7) | |
| Preterm birth | 121 | (6.2) | 1227 | (4.1) | 1.47 | (1.21 to 1.79) | 19.3 | (7.6 to 31.0) | |
| Preterm birth (ultrasound estimation) | 101 | (6.1) | 1152 | (4.1) | 1.48 | (1.19 to 1.83) | 19.3 | (6.8 to 31.8) | |
| Small for gestational age | 88 | (4.5) | 1063 | (3.6) | 1.20 | (0.95 to 1.51) | 7.1 | (–2.9 to 17.1) | |
| Birth weight < 2500 g | 94 | (4.8) | 1039 | (3.5) | 1.36 | (1.11 to 1.66) | 15.9 | (3.9 to 28.0) | |
| Apgar score < 7 at 5 min | 41 | (2.1) | 625 | (2.1) | 1.13 | (0.81 to 1.58) | 2.7 | (–5.2 to 10.6) | |
| Mean birth weight of term birth (g) | 3420 | (3394 to 3446) | 3472 | (3466 to 3479) | –25 (–53 to 4) | ||||
| Indicators of perinatal health care | |||||||||
| Antenatal care usage | |||||||||
| Inadequate antenatal care visits | 313 | (15.9) | 1729 | (5.8) | 2.56 | (2.27 to 2.89) | 91.5 | ( 74.8 to 108.3) | |
| No ultrasound screening | 79 | (4.0) | 202 | (0.7) | 5.43 | (4.02 to 7.10) | 29.8 | ( 20.7 to 38.8) | |
| Use of professional translator in antenatal care | 1606 | (81.6) | 11 651 | (39.3) | 1.70 | (1.67 to 1.74) | 359.9 | (341.6 to 378.2) | |
| Abnormal CTG at arriving delivery ward | 88 | (4.5) | 1558 | (5.3) | 0.88 | (0.70 to 1.10) | –6.3 | (–16.8 to 4.3) | |
| Mode of delivery | |||||||||
| Non-instrumental vaginal | 1463 | (74.3) | 23 072 | (77.8) | 0.96 | (0.93 to 0.98) | –33.8 | (–54.6 to –13.0) | |
| Instrumental vaginal | 112 | (5.7) | 1455 | (4.9) | 1.03 | (0.84 to 1.26) | 1.4 | (–8.8 to 11.6) | |
| Planned Caesarean section | 185 | (9.4) | 2135 | (7.2) | 1.34 | (1.15 to 1.55) | 24.2 | (10.2 to 38.3) | |
| Unplanned Caesarean section | 209 | (10.6) | 2979 | (10.1) | 1.08 | (0.94 to 1.24) | 8.1 | (–7.0 to 23.3) | |
| Postpartum care usage | |||||||||
| Missing postpartum visit | 812 | (41.2) | 11 711 | (39.5) | 1.15 | (1.09 to 1.21) | 59.6 | (36.0 to 83.3) | |
All models were adjusted for maternal education, age and parity in quadratic forms, calendar year of delivery and mother’s country of origin. Models of maternal and foetal outcomes, abnormal CTG on arrival at the delivery ward and mode of delivery were also adjusted for maternal BMI categories and height in continuous form. Bold values indicate P < 0.05.
aExcluded women with missing data on maternal age or parity.
bExcluded all births delivered by Caesarean section.