Table 3.

Panel analysis for mother and father parenting stress and child internalizing behavior problems

Time point	β mother report (SE)	β father report (SE)
Cross-effects	Internalizing behavior problems → Later parenting stress
1→2	0.09+	0.06
2→3	− 0.05	0.08
3→4	0.03	0.01
	Parenting stress → Later internalizing behavior problems
1→2	0.20**	0.29***
2→3	0.21**	0.08
3→4	0.09	0.19*
Lagged-effects Internalizing behavior
1→3	0.35***	0.09
2→4	0.25***	0.43***
Parenting stress
1→3	0.38***	0.23**
2→4	0.33***	0.26*

Values reported in this table are standardized estimates

⁺p < 0.10;

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001