Table 1:

Some currently used molecular biomarkers of exposure and the transcription factors that govern their response.

Biomarker	Chemical	Transcription factor
CYP1A	PAHs, HAHs	AhR
CYP2B	Pharmaceuticals, pesticides	CAR
CYP3A	Pharmaceuticals, some EDCs	PXR
Vitellogenin	estrogens	ER
CYP4A	lipids, some organic pollutants	PPAR
Peroximsome proliferation	lipids, some organic pollutants	PPAR
Metalliothionein	Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu	MTF-1
GSTs	ROS, metals, HAHs, PAHs	Nrf2, AP-1, AhR, PXR/CAR
C-reactive protein	stress	NF-κB
Superoxide dismutase	ROS, physiological stress	Nrf2,NF-κb, AP-1
Heat shock proteins	stress, metals, ROS	HSF