Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Total (n = 274) |
Event (n = 97) |
No Event (n = 177) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Age, years | 71.3 ± 8.4 | 71.9 ± 8.3 | 70.9 ± 8.5 | 0.330 |
| Female, n (%) | 190 (69.3) | 62 (63.9) | 128 (72.3) | 0.171 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 30.5 ± 6.8 | 31.2 ± 7.7 | 30.1 ± 6.2 | 0.196 |
| Fat Tissue Index, kg/ m2 | 15.9 ± 6.4 | 16.1 ± 7.0 | 15.9 ± 6.1 | 0.877 |
| Total Fat Mass, kg | 32.7 ± 12.9 | 34.1 ± 14.4 | 31.8 ± 11.8 | 0.272 |
| Relative Fat Mass, % | 37.9 ± 9.7 | 37.2 ± 10.1 | 38.4 ± 9.4 | 0.418 |
| NYHA class III and IV, n (%) | 181 (66.1) | 80 (82.5) | 101 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Prior HF hospitalization, n (%) | 81 (29.6) | 56 (57.3) | 25 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 158 (57.7) | 65 (67.0) | 93 (52.5) | 0.022 |
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 263 (96.0) | 93 (95.9) | 170 (96.0) | 1.000 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 153 (55.8) | 51 (52.6) | 102 (57.6) | 0.447 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 103 (37.6) | 45 (46.4) | 58 (32.8) | 0.028 |
| History of CAD, n (%) | 67 (24.5) | 24 (24.7) | 43 (24.3) | 1.000 |
| COPD, n (%) | 92 (33.6) | 42 (43.3) | 50 (28.2) | 0.016 |
| ACE-inhibitor, n (%) | 82 (29.9) | 34 (35.1) | 48 (27.1) | 0.214 |
| ATII-blocker, n (%) | 104 (37.9) | 33 (34.0) | 71 (40.1) | 0.363 |
| Calcium-antagonist, n (%) | 81 (29.6) | 28 (28.9) | 53 (29.9) | 0.702 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 206 (75.2) | 77 (79.4) | 129 (72.9) | 0.246 |
| Oral anticoagulation, n (%) | 218 (79.6) | 81 (83.5) | 137 (77.4) | 0.274 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 214 (78.1) | 85 (87.6) | 129 (72.9) | 0.006 |
| Statin, n (%) | 134 (48.9) | 44 (45.4) | 90 (50.8) | 0.449 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LA diameter, mm | 62.4 ± 7.9 | 63.1 ± 7.7 | 61.9 ± 8.1 | 0.254 |
| LA indexed for BSA, ml/m2 | 51.3 ± 19.9 | 53.2 ± 17.2 | 50.5 ± 21.1 | 0.579 |
| LVEDD, mm | 44.0 ± 5.5 | 44.1 ± 6.0 | 43.9 ± 5.1 | 0.834 |
| RA diameter, mm | 62.6 ± 8.9 | 63.6 ± 9.2 | 61.9 ± 8.6 | 0.148 |
| RVEDD, mm | 37.0 ± 7.6 | 39.0 ± 8.5 | 35.7 ± 6.6 | 0.001 |
| IVS, mm | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 12.9 ± 2.3 | 12.9 ± 2.9 | 0.797 |
| E/E’ ratio | 15.3 ± 6.3 | 16.4 ± 8.0 | 14.8 ± 5.4 | 0.318 |
| E/A ratio | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.469 |
| Significant TR, n (%) | 136 (49.6) | 60 (61.9) | 76 (42.9) | 0.108 |
| Hemodynamic parameters | ||||
| Systolic PAP, mmHg | 53.9 ± 17.5 | 61.4 ± 17.0 | 49.6 ± 16.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic PAP, mmHg | 22.3 ± 7.5 | 24.8 ± 6.7 | 20.9 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Mean PAP, mmHg | 34.4 ± 10.2 | 38.4 ± 9.1 | 32.1 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Mean RAP, mmHg | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 14.3 ± 6.2 | 11.6 ± 5.0 | 0.001 |
| PAWP, mmHg | 20.1 ± 5.9 | 21.8 ± 5.8 | 19.1 ± 5.7 | 0.001 |
| SaO2, % | 93.8 ± 4.7 | 92.8 ± 4.9 | 94.3 ± 4.5 | 0.018 |
| TPG, mmHg | 14.3 ± 7.5 | 16.6 ± 8.3 | 12.9 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| PVR, dynes.s.cm−5 | 228.1 ± 136.4 | 264.3 ± 151.3 | 206.8 ± 122.5 | 0.002 |
| SV, ml | 73.5 ± 21.4 | 75.7 ± 22.8 | 72.3 ± 20.6 | 0.260 |
| CO thermodilution, l/min | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 0.748 |
| CO Fick, l/min | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 0.401 |
|
Magnetic resonance imaging parameters (n = 157) (n = 59) (n = 98) | ||||
| LA, mm | 65.6 ± 9.4 | 67.8 ± 9.4 | 64.2 ± 9.2 | 0.021 |
| LVEDV, ml | 126.9 ± 44.8 | 131.2 ± 45.6 | 124.4 ± 44.4 | 0.371 |
| RA, mm | 65.6 ± 9.2 | 66.9 ± 10.2 | 64.8 ± 8.4 | 0.157 |
| RVEDV, ml | 160.7 ± 102.2 | 171.9 ± 72.5 | 153.9 ± 116.1 | 0.294 |
| IVS, mm | 11.2 ± 2.1 | 11.3 ± 1.7 | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 0.506 |
| LVEF, % | 53.3 ± 13.8 | 53.7 ± 14.3 | 53.0 ± 13.5 | 0.715 |
| RVEF, % | 51.8 ± 11.3 | 48.1 ± 11.6 | 53.9 ± 10.7 | 0.002 |
Continuous values are shown as mean ± standard deviation; A - mitral peak velocity of late filling, ACE – angiotensin converting enzyme, AT – angiotensin, BSA – body surface area, CAD - coronary artery disease, CO - cardiac output, COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, E - early mitral inflow velocity, E’ - early diastolic mitral annular velocity, ECV - extra cellular volume, HF – heart failure, IVS - interventricular septum, LA - left atrial, LVEDV - left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF - left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA - New York Heart Association, PAP - pulmonary artery pressure, PAWP - pulmonary artery wedge pressure, PVR - pulmonary vascular resistance, RA - right atrial, RAP - right atrial pressure, RVEDV - right ventricular end-diastolic volume, RVEF - right ventricular ejection fraction, SaO2 - arterial saturation of oxygen, SV - stroke volume, TPG - transpulmonary gradient, TR – tricuspid regurgitation.