Table 1.
Description of craniofacial landmarks and reference planes
| Point | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cr (crista galli) | The superior-most edge of the crista galli |
| Cl (clinoid process) | Midpoint between the anterior clinoid processes |
| Con (condylar superius) | The superior-most point of the condylar head; ConR: right, ConL: left |
| Op (opisthion) | Midpoint of the posterior arch of foramen magnum |
| Po (porion) | The superior-most point of the external auditory meatus; PoR: right, PoL: left |
| Me (menton) | The inferior-most point on the symphysis of mandible |
| Go (gonion) | The apex of the mandibular angle; GoR: right, GoL: left |
| Gf (glenoid fossa) | The antero-superior-most point of the glenoid fossa; GfR: right, GfL: left |
| Or (orbitale) | The inferior-most point of the infraorbital rim; OrR: right, OrL: left |
| Zy (zygonion) | The lateral-most point of the zygomatic arch; ZyR: right, ZyL: left |
| Axial plane (AxP) | A plane passing through PoR, PoL, and OrL |
| Midsagittal plane (MSP) | A plane perpendicular to the axial plane including Cr and Cl |
| Coronal plane (CoP) | A plane perpendicular to the axial plane and sagittal planes passing through Op |