Table 2.

Associations of incident CKD by intakes of LCω3PUFA/Non-fried fish: The CARDIA Study (1985–2010) (n = 4133)

	LCω3PUFA a		DHA a		EPA a		Non-fried fish a
	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Model 1b	0.74 (0.61, 0.90)	0.002	0.71 (0.59, 0.85)	<0.001	0.78 (0.64, 0.96)	0.017	0.86 (0.74, 1.01)	0.064
Model 2c	0.73 (0.60, 0.89)	0.002	0.72 (0.59, 0.87)	<0.001	0.76 (0.62, 0.94)	0.010	0.86 (0.73, 1.01)	0.073
Model 3ad	0.72 (0.59, 0.88)	0.002	0.71 (0.58, 0.86)	<0.001	0.75 (0.61, 0.92)	0.007	0.85 (0.72, 0.999)	0.045
Model 3be	0.76 (0.62, 0.93)	0.008	0.74 (0.61, 0.90)	<0.001	0.79 (0.64, 0.97)	0.022	0.88 (0.75, 1.03)	0.112
Model 3cf	0.74 (0.60, 0.91)	0.004	0.70 (0.57, 0.86)	<0.001	0.78 (0.63, 0.97)	0.023	0.86 (0.73, 1.02)	0.092
Model 3dg	0.73 (0.59, 0.90)	0.003	0.69 (0.56, 0.85)	<0.001	0.77 (0.62, 0.96)	0.018	0.86 (0.72, 1.02)	0.078
Model 3eh	0.72 (0.58, 0.90)	0.003	0.68 (0.56, 0.84)	<0.001	0.77 (0.61, 0.95)	0.017	0.86 (0.72, 1.02)	0.077

Data are HR (95% CIs). All models were constructed by using the Cox proportional hazards model and the exposures were the cumulative average intake before the event

BMI body mass index, CARDIA Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, CI confidence interval, CKD chronic kidney disease, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, HR hazard ratio, LCω3PUFA long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^aEvery 1 SD increment for intakes of LCω3PUFA (SD = 0.19 g/day), DHA (SD = 0.09 g/day), and EPA (SD = 0.08 g/day), and every serving/day increment for non-fried fish consumption

^bModel 1: adjustment for age (continuous), sex, race (black or white), and study center

^c“Model 2: model 1 with additional adjustment for BMI (continuous), education (continuous), current smoker (yes or no), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–19.9, or ≥20 g/day), physical activity (quartiles), and total energy (quartiles), and personal kidney problems (yes or no). Fried fish intake (yes or no) was adjusted only in models when the exposure was non-fried fish intake

^dModel 3a: model 2 with additional adjustment for dietary intakes (quartiles) of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorous

^eModel 3b: model 2 with additional adjustment for baseline creatinine (continuous) and glucose (continuous)

^fModel 3c: model 2 under a reduced sample size at n = 3690 with trace elements measured

^gModel 3d: model 3c with additional adjustment for toenail measurements (quartiles) of mercury, and cadmium

^hModel 3e: model 3d with additional adjustment for toenail selenium (quartiles)