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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 29;87(1):74–81. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.017

Table 1.

Analgesic targets providing clinically validated efficacy

Target Analgesic Discovery of: Analgestic activity Target
Mu Opiate Receptor    morphine/opioids               1806 (1973)
COX-2    NSAIDs/COX-2 inhibitors (Anti-inflammatory)               1899 (1975)
Sepiapterin reductase sulphasalazine (Anti-inflammatory)               1948 (2011)
Voltage-gated sodium channels carbamazepine (Anti-epileptic)               1964 (1982)
NMDA Receptor             ketamine (Dissociative anesthetic)               1965 (1983)
Cav2.2             ziconotide               1984 (1984)
Alpha2delta1 Ca2+ channel subunit gabapentin (Anti-epileptic)               1987 (1997)
5HT1B/D agonists             triptans (Migraine)               1988 (1988)
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake duloxetine (Antidepressant)               1988 (1988)
CGRP             erenumab (Migraine)               2016 (1988)