Table 2.
Predictors of Clinical End Points Identified by the Cox Proportional Hazards Model
| Predictor | Univariate | Multiple | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| PH‐related morbidity and death from any cause | ||||
| RVSI tertiles | 20.57 (9.03–46.87) | <0.0001 | 0.0015 | |
| First tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 2.31 (1.06–5.05) | 0.0363 | 2.30 (0.95–5.53) | 0.064 |
| Second tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 3.63 (1.71–7.65) | 0.0007 | 3.41 (1.49–7.81) | 0.0037 |
| Third tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 8.70 (4.33–17.48) | <0.0001 | 4.72 (2.10–10.59) | <0.0001 |
| Congestion stages | 2.00 (1.63–2.44) | <0.0001 | 0.0012 | |
| Stage 1 vs stage 0 | 2.65 (1.29–5.44) | 0.0078 | 2.61 (1.18–5.80) | 0.0182 |
| Stage 2 vs stage 0 | 6.35 (3.08–13.09) | <0.0001 | 4.90 (2.15–11.18) | <0.0001 |
| Stage 3 vs stage 0 | 8.45 (3.98–17.96) | <0.0001 | 4.07 (1.68–9.85) | 0.0019 |
| Uric acid | 1.25 (1.16–1.34) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.0017 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.56 (1.68–3.88) | <0.0001 | 1.94 (1.05–3.56) | 0.0355 |
| 6MWD | 0.997 (0.996–0.999) | 0.0006 | 0.997 (0.995–0.999) | 0.0099 |
| LA diameter | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.0301 |
| Age | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.0439 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.079 |
| Unscheduled hospitalization due to fluid overload | ||||
| RVSI tertiles | 1.71 (1.48–1.98) | <0.0001 | 0.0016 | |
| First tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 6.49 (1.42–29.64) | 0.0157 | 5.50 (1.09–27.85) | 0.0395 |
| Second tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 10.98 (2.52–47.76) | 0.0014 | 6.27 (1.36–28.96) | 0.0187 |
| Third tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 35.60 (8.54–148.38) | <0.0001 | 13.01 (2.95–57.34) | 0.0007 |
| Congestion stages | 2.49 (1.94–3.20) | <0.0001 | 0.0193 | |
| Stage 1 vs stage 0 | 7.36 (1.71–31.72) | 0.0074 | 5.01 (1.14–22.07) | 0.0334 |
| Stage 2 vs stage 0 | 25.51 (6.05–107.67) | <0.0001 | 8.84 (1.98–39.46) | 0.0043 |
| Stage 3 vs stage 0 | 32.17 (7.44–139.09) | <0.0001 | 5.06 (1.02–25.20) | 0.0478 |
| Uric acid | 1.29 (1.19–1.41) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (1.13–1.43) | <0.0001 |
| PCWP | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.0159 |
| Urine α1MCR | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.0262 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4.05 (2.47–6.63) | <0.0001 | 1.88 (1.00–3.54) | 0.0510 |
| 6MWD | 0.996 (0.994–0.998) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.0006 |
| RA area | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.0477 |
| Urine feNa | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 0.0017 | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) | 0.0547 |
| NYHA classification | 1.81 (1.24–2.64) | 0.0022 | 0.60 (0.34–1.05) | 0.074 |
| Escalation of PH‐specific therapy | ||||
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.0403 |
| Uric acid | 1.26 (1.16–1.36) | <0.0001 | 1.31 (1.02–1.26) | 0.0242 |
| RVSI tertiles | 1.43 (1.26–1.63) | <0.0001 | 0.0186 | |
| First tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 2.16 (0.89–5.24) | 0.087 | 1.89 (0.68–5.27) | 0.2241 |
| Second tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 3.52 (1.53–8.07) | 0.0030 | 2.91 (1.13–7.51) | 0.0271 |
| Third tertile group vs RVSI 0 | 7.03 (3.22–15.35) | <0.0001 | 4.29 (1.63–11.27) | 0.0031 |
| Congestion stages | 1.86 (1.49–2.33) | <0.0001 | 0.0106 | |
| Stage 1 vs stage 0 | 2.37 (1.05–5.35) | 0.0373 | 2.13 (0.84–5.37) | 0.110 |
| Stage 2 vs stage 0 | 6.22 (2.79–13.87) | <0.0001 | 4.44 (1.74–11.32) | 0.0018 |
| Stage 3 vs stage 0 | 6.39 (2.73–14.97) | <0.0001 | 3.31 (1.13–9.70) | 0.0293 |
| E/e’ ratio | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.0006 | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | 0.0138 |
| 6MWD | 0.997 (0.995–0.999) | 0.0013 | 0.998 (0.996–1.00) | 0.073 |
| LVEDD | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.0221 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.0179 |
| All‐cause mortality | ||||
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.0120 |
| RA area | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 0.0018 | 1.07 (1.01–1.15) | 0.0341 |
| NYHA classification | 2.65 (1.30–5.41) | 0.0074 | 1.97 (0.99–3.90) | 0.0536 |
Table includes only variables that remained significant after Cox regression analysis. All available variables were included in the univariate analyses, and variables that were significant in the univariate analyses are provided in Tables S9–S12. α1MCR indicates α1‐microglobulin‐to‐creatinine ratio; E/e’ ratio, ratio of mitral inflow velocity to lateral annular relaxation velocity; feNa, fractional excretion of sodium; HR, hazard ratio; LA, left atrial; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RA, right atrial; RVSI, renal venous stasis index; 6MWD indicates 6‐min walk distance.