Table 4.
Association Between 3 Types of Urinary Sodium (Na) Measurements and Blood Pressure in the Pooled Data From Both Visits
| Measurement Methods | Systolic Blood Pressure (βa [95% CI]) | Diastolic Blood Pressure (βa [95% CI]) |
|---|---|---|
| Estimated daily Na+ from first morning urine sample (N=651) | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.43 (−6.38, 7.24) | 0.33 (−3.76, 4.42) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | −3.50 (−9.11, 2.10) | −2.23 (−5.23, 0.78) |
| Full adjusted modelb | −3.83 (−9.95, 2.29) | −2.67 (−6.06, 0.72) |
| Estimated daily Na+ from second morning urine sample (N=739) | ||
| Unadjusted | 2.27 (−3.52, 8.07) | 1.47 (−2.03, 4.97) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 1.58 (−4.22, 7.40) | 0.74 (−2.19, 3.70) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 1.53 (−4.33, 7.40) | 0.60 (−2.43, 3.64) |
| Measure 24 h urinary Na+ (N=733) | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.67 (−.22, 1.56) | 0.25 (−.60. 1.09) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 0.87 (0.08, 1.66) | 0.14 (−0.61, 0.88) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 0.83 (0.00, 1.66) | 0.11 (−0.66, 0.88) |
| Complete measured 24 h urinary Na+ (N=601) | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.52 (0.07, 0.97) | 0.15 (−0.29, 0.59) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 0.93 (0.57, 1.28) | 0.08 (−0.33, 0.50) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 0.88 (0.56, 1.21) | 0.06 (−0.33, 0.45) |
First morning void was collected on the second day and vice versa. BMI indicates body mass index.
a
Refers to differences in mean blood pressure (in mm Hg) of participants because of 100 mmol/d increase in urinary Na+.
b
Model adjusted for visit, age, sex, BMI, physical activities and smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and household wealth.