Table 6.
Association Between 3 Types of Urinary Sodium (Na) Measurements and Blood Pressure After Excluding Participants With Self‐Reported Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Chronic Kidney Disease From the Pooled Data
| Measurement Methods | Systolic Blood Pressure βa (95% CI) | Diastolic Blood Pressure βa (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Estimated daily Na+ from first morning urine sample (N=603) | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.26 (−6.43, 5.91) | 0.07 (−4.13, 4.27) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | −4.27 (−9.57, −1.03) | −2.60 (−5.99, 0.78) |
| Full adjusted modelb | −4.39 (−10.22, 1.43) | −2.85 (−6.53, 0.83) |
| Estimated daily Na+ from second morning urine sample (N=678) | ||
| Unadjusted | 2.52 (−3.87, 8.92) | 0.89 (−2.31, 4.10) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 1.63 (−4.80, 8.07) | −0.20 (−2.82, 2.42) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 1.68 (−4.98, 8.34) | −0.25 (−3.05, 2.55) |
| Measured 24 h urinary Na+ (N=672) | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.63 (−0.62, 1.88) | 0.12 (−0.83, 1.06) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 0.81 (−0.41, 2.03) | 0.01 (−0.88, 0.88) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 0.81 (−0.45, 2.08) | 0.01 (−0.91, 0.92) |
| Complete measured 24 h urinary Na+ (N=546) | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.48 (−0.44, 1.41) | −0.03 (−0.56, 0.49) |
| Adjusted for visit, age, sex, and BMI | 0.87 (−0.10, 1.84) | −0.10 (−0.67, 0.47) |
| Full adjusted modelb | 0.88 (−0.03, 1.79) | −0.10 (−0.61, 0.41) |
First morning void was collected on the second day and vice versa. BMI indicates body mass index.
a
Refers to differences in mean blood pressure (in mm Hg) of participants because of 100 mmol/d increase in urinary Na+.
b
Model adjusted for visit, age, sex, BMI, physical activities and smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and household wealth.