Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Postpartum Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile of Study Participants Stratified Into Tertiles Based on Their Glucose Challenge Test in Pregnancy
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCT ≤7.9 mmol/L | GCT 8.0‐8.7 mmol/L | GCT ≥8.8 mmol/L | ||
| (n=162) | (n=167) | (n=174) | ||
| Age, y | 34.8 [4.4] | 34.5 [4.5] | 34.6 [4.2] | 0.80 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White, % | 75.3 | 73.7 | 70.7 | 0.87 |
| Asian, % | 9.3 | 11.4 | 11.5 | |
| Other, % | 15.4 | 15.0 | 17.8 | |
| Family history of T2DM, % | 58.4 | 55.7 | 63.8 | 0.30 |
| Parity | ||||
| 1, % | 61.1 | 53.3 | 50.6 | 0.34 |
| 2, % | 30.9 | 34.7 | 37.4 | |
| >2, % | 8.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | |
| OGTT in index pregnancy | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.4 [0.5] | 4.5 [0.5] | 4.7 [0.6] | <0.0001 |
| AUCglucose | 21.1 [3.2] | 23.5 [3.3] | 25.1 [3.8] | <0.0001 |
| GDM, % | 9.3 | 28.1 | 46.0 | <0.0001 |
| Breastfeeding, % | 94.4 | 92.8 | 92.5 | 0.76 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 [22.5‐28.6] | 26.2 [23.7‐30.0] | 26.1 [23.3‐30.4] | 0.09 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.2 [10.5] | 89.5 [12.7] | 88.3 [11.8] | 0.23 |
| Cardivascular risk factors at 3 months | ||||
| Current smoking, % | 4.3 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 0.89 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 109 [10] | 110 [12] | 111 [11] | 0.17 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 65 [9] | 66 [10] | 66 [9] | 0.51 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.5 [0.4] | 4.6 [0.5] | 4.7 [0.5] | 0.0002 |
| 2‐hour glucose, mmol/L | 5.7 [1.2] | 6.2 [1.5] | 6.9 [2.0] | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.00 [0.96] | 5.16 [0.96] | 5.25 [0.99] | 0.07 |
| Total cholesterol:HDL ratio | 3.45 [2.82‐4.18] | 3.62 [3.01‐4.43] | 3.88 [3.15‐4.71] | 0.0004 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.46 [0.32] | 1.42 [0.34] | 1.35 [0.30] | 0.004 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.85 [0.63‐1.26] | 0.94 [0.69‐1.45] | 1.05 [0.75‐1.55] | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.07 [0.87] | 3.22 [0.89] | 3.30 [0.87] | 0.07 |
| apoB, g/L | 0.83 [0.71‐1.03] | 0.92 [0.75‐1.04] | 0.94 [0.80‐1.10] | 0.001 |
| apoB:apoA1 ratio | 0.55 [0.46‐0.64] | 0.58 [0.47‐0.69] | 0.63 [0.50‐0.74] | 0.003 |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.6 [1.0‐4.2] | 2.2 [0.9‐4.3] | 2.3 [1.1‐4.1] | 0.27 |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 9.2 [3.3] | 8.4 [2.9] | 8.3 [3.2] | 0.02 |
Continuous variables are shown as median followed by interquartile range (if skewed) or mean followed by standard deviation (if normally distributed). P values refer to overall comparison across the 3 groups by ANOVA (for continuous variables) and either chi‐squared or Fisher Exact test (for categorical variables). apoA1 indicates apolipoprotein A1; apoB, apolipoprotein B; AUCglucose, area under the glucose curve; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GCT, glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.