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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2019 Nov 7;50:71–78. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.001

Figure 2. Convergent evolution of structures to maintain microbial symbionts across the eukaryotic tree of life.

Figure 2.

The phylogenetic tree shows the relationships between different eukaryotic lineages. Each inset represents an example of a eukaryotic host (left) from the specified lineage that uses a specialized structure (right) to establish and maintain a bipartite association with a microbial symbiont. Image credits: flashlight fish, Stefan Herlitze; flashlight fish light organ adapted from [69] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License; ship worm and gill, Margo Haygood; bobtail squid and light organ, Mark Mandel; southern pine beetle, Erich Vallery under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License; mycangia, Kier Klepzig [70]; attine ant, Don Parsons; ant crypt, Cameron Currie; nematode and vesicle modified from [71] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License; legume and root nodule, Jean Michel Ané.