Table 2.
Description of the main characteristics of the treatment in studies demonstrating the action of plant extracts in the bone repair process.
| Study ID | Number of animals/group | Control group | Treatment time (d, w, and m)∗ | Osteoporosis | Bone type | Induced defect | Lesion size | Anesthesia (pharmaco) | Postoperative drug | Euthanasia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chow et al., 1982 [20] | 10 | Saline | ? | No | Femur | Osteotomy | ? | Ether inhalation | ? | ? |
| Juma Ab, 2007 [21] | 3 | Routine diet | 12 w | No | Femur | Drill machine | ? | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | ? |
| Sakakura et al., 2007 [22] | 24 | Not receiving treatment | 28 d | No | Tibia | Rotary drills | 2 cm | Ketamine/xylazine | Pentabiótico | ? |
| Oztürk et al., 2008 [23] | 11 | ? | 35 d | No | Tibia | ? | ? | Alfazin/propofol | ? | ? |
| Huh et al., 2009 [24] | 144/12 | Saline | 21 d | No | Femur | ? | ? | ? | ? | Paraformaldehyde/tiletamine-zolazepam |
| Kolios et al., 2009 [25] | 12 | Phytoestrogen-free | 35 d | Yes OVX | Tibia | Osteotomy | ? | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Decapitated under deep CO2 anesthesia |
| Giavaresi et al., 2010 [26] | 2/18/4 | Not receiving treatment | 24 w | No | Femur | Drill machine | 6 mm | ? | Enfloroxacin (100 mg) and metamizole chloride (50 mg/kg) | General anesthesia (Tanax) |
| Kolios et al., 2010 [27] | 12 | Phytoestrogen-free | 35 d | Yes OVX | Tibia | Osteotomy | ? | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Decapitated under deep CO2 anesthesia |
| Lacerda et al., 2010 [28] | ? | Water | 7, 21, 42 d | No | Maxilla | Incisor tooth extraction | ? | 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol | Pentabiotic | Anesthetic overdose |
| Estai et al., 2011 [29] | 6 | Saline | 6 w | Yes OVX | Femur | Guillotine | ? | Xylazil/ketamine | Antibiotic Baytril and povidone-iodine solution | ? |
| Sharan et al., 2011 [30] | 10 | Acacia gum in water | 2 w | Yes OVX | Skull | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | ? | ? | ? |
| Ngueguim et al., 2012 [31] | 6 | Acacia gum in water | 12 d | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | ? | ? | ? |
| Kumar et al., 2013 [32] | 3 | Saline | 0, 7, 14, 21 d | No | Femur | Fracture device | ? | Ketamine/hydrochloride | ? | ? |
| Ngueguim et al., 2013 [33] | 6 | Acacia gum in water | 12 d | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | ? | ? | ? |
| He and Shen, 2014 [34] | 10 | Saline | 12 w | No | Tibia | Custom-made three-point | ? | ? | ? | High-dose ketamine |
| Neto et al., 2015 [35] | 10 | 0.9% NaCl | 10 d | No | Radius | Oscillating bone saw | 1 cm | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Anesthetic overdose |
| Burim et al., 2016 [36] | 20 | Saline | 7, 14, 21, 42 d | No | Calvaria | Steel trephine drill | 8 mm diameter | Ketamine/xylazine/hydrochloride | Antibiotic prophylaxis (benzathine benzylpenicillin) | CO2 chamber |
| Ezirganli et al., 2016 [37] | 16 | ? | 2, 4 w | Yes OVX | Calvaria | Trephine burr | 5 mm diameter | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Barbiturate overdose |
| Selvakumar et al., 2016 [38] | ? | ? | 4 w | No | Tibia | Drill machine | 4 mm | Ketamine/xylazine | Meloxicam oral suspension (0.2 mg/kg) and enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) | ? |
| Yang et al., 2016 [39] | 24 | Water | 2, 4, 8 w | No | Femur | Osteotomy | ? | Chloral hydrate | Penicillin sodium | ? |
| Zhuang et al., 2016 [40] | 8 | Methylcellulose | 14 d | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | ? |
| Adhikary et al., 2017 [41] | 10 | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | 14 d | ? | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | ? | ? | ? |
| Chen et al., 2017 [42] | 24 or 16 | Water/calcitriol | 6 w | Yes GIOP | Tibia | ? | 2 mm hole | Chloral hydrate | ? | Cardiac puncture |
| Florence et al., 2017 [43] | 5 | Water | 14 d | No | Femur | Drill machine | ? | ? | ? | Decapitated under ketamine/valium anesthesia |
| Karvande et al., 2017 [44] | 10 | Acacia gum in water | 2 w | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | ? |
| Khedgikar et al., 2017 [45] | ? | Acacia gum in water | 2 w | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | ? | ? | ? |
| Neto et al., 2017 [46] | 12 | Not receiving treatment | 10 d | No | Radius | Oscillating bone saw | 1 cm | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Lethal doses of the anesthetics |
| Porwal et al., 2017 [47] | ? | Water | 12 d | No | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm diameter | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | ? |
| Giaze et al., 2018 [48] | 6 | Estrogen (Premarin®) | 4 m | Yes | Tibia | Pulse ultrasound | 0.5 mm | Ketamine/xylazine | Enrofloxacin (Baytril®) 5 mg/kg and buprenorphine 0.1 mg/kg | Ketamine-xylazine mixture overdose and cervical dislocation |
| Gurger et al., 2019 [49] | 8 | Standard diet | 10, 20, and 30 d | No | Femur | Multidrilling technique | 0.5cm | Ketamine/xylazine | Buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg) and cefazolin (30 mg/kg) | Sodium pentobarbital (400 mg/kg) |
| Pal et al., 2019 [50] | 10 | Water | 14 w | Yes GIO | Femur | Drill machine | 0.8 mm | Ketamine/xylazine | ? | Ketamine/xylazine overdose |
d: day; w: week; m: month; OVX: ovariectomized; GIOP: Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Program; GIO: GC-induced osteoporosis; ?: not related.