Table 3.
Temporal, spatial, kinematics and kinetics characteristics acquired with gait analysis on GRAIL before (T0) and after (T1) training.
| T0 | T1 | Healthy | p-val T0 vs T1 | p-val T0 vs healthy | p-val T1 vs healthy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stance% | 69.4 (1.7) | 69.1 (2.1) | 67 (2.5) | 0.123 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| CV% | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.3) | 0.175 | 0.013 | 0.094 |
| Step length [cm] | 36.6 (2.5) | 42.7 (8) | 42.1 (10) | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.863 |
| CV% | 12 (3.6) | 9.4 (3.4) | 7.5 (2.3) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.225 |
| Step width [cm] | 18.9 (7) | 16.6 (4.1) | 15 (5) | 0.206 | 0.190 | 0.387 |
| CV% | 16.9 (6.2) | 19.6 (8.9) | 14 (5) | 0.147 | 0.226 | 0.132 |
| Gait speed [cm/s] | 66.9 (10.7) | 78.1 (12.1) | 88.4 (24.9) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.057 |
| CV% | 10.2 (4.8) | 8.5 (3.2) | 5.4 (1.1) | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Max ankle power [W] | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (1.3) | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.477 |
| CV% | 31.5 (15) | 24.1 (8.5) | 28.2 (12.4) | 0.002 | 0.215 | 0.692 |
| Max knee power [W] | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.322 | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| CV% | 27 (12.9) | 26.1 (7.4) | 29.8 (13.6) | 0.492 | 0.895 | 0.732 |
| Max hip power [W] | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.105 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| CV% | 25.3 (8.7) | 23.1 (7.6) | 20.8 (9.3) | 0.193 | 0.179 | 0.895 |
| Max ankle flex [°] | 11.9 (2.3) | 13.9 (3.1) | 17.6 (2.7) | 0.067 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| CV% | 11.2 (7.5) | 12.3 (7) | 7.3 (4.3) | 0.520 | 0.019 | 0.021 |
| Max ankle ext [°] | 6.1 (3.5) | 6.7 (4.9) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.577 | 0.711 | 0.289 |
| SD∗ | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.3 (1) | 2.9 (2.5) | 0.898 | 0.474 | 0.474 |
| Max knee flex [°] | 57 (6.8) | 59 (5.2) | 63.2 (5) | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| CV% | 6.2 (2.9) | 6.2 (2.2) | 3.8 (1.7) | 0.240 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Max knee ext [°] | −3.1 (3.4) | −3 (4.3) | 0.1 (4.4) | 0.966 | 0.025 | 0.051 |
| SD∗ | 2.2 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.5 (1.1) | 0.966 | 0.160 | 0.289 |
| Max hip flex [°] | 33.3 (7.3) | 35.3 (9.4) | 32.4 (10.2) | 0.278 | 0.786 | 0.388 |
| CV% | 6 (2.3) | 5.8 (1.5) | 5.5 (2.3) | 0.638 | 0.245 | 0.473 |
| Max hip ext [°] | 2.2 (7.5) | 1.2 (7.8) | 3.4 (9.6) | 0.413 | 0.336 | 0.388 |
| SD∗ | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.1 (0.8) | 0.700 | 0.098 | 0.160 |
| ROM hip abd [°] | 9.2 (4.3) | 11.9 (4) | 11.7 (4) | 0.001 | 0.145 | 0.863 |
| CV% | 16.9 (7.9) | 17 (3.9) | 15.3 (1.9) | 0.365 | 0.097 | 0.287 |
| ROM pelvic tilt [°] | 4.9 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.2) | 0.102 | 0.022 | 0.005 |
| CV% | 30.2 (4.5) | 28.7 (3.1) | 26 (6.2) | 0.240 | 0.040 | 0.174 |
| ROM pelvic ob [°] | 5.7 (2.1) | 6.4 (1.9) | 6.6 (2.4) | 0.413 | 0.604 | 0.980 |
| CV% | 23.7 (4.8) | 18.3 (7.2) | 17.7 (4.8) | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.415 |
| ROM pelvic rot [°] | 10.8 (4.4) | 11.5 (4.7) | 8.4 (5.1) | 0.175 | 0.120 | 0.013 |
| CV% | 28.1 (9.1) | 28.5 (6.6) | 28.8 (8.9) | 0.042 | 0.711 | 0.748 |
Data are reported as median (interquartile ranges); CV: coefficient of variation; SD: standard deviations; ROM: range of motion; flex: flexion; ext: extension; p-val: p values. P values refer to the nonparametric paired Wilcoxon test in column “T0 vs T1”, while they refer to the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test in column “T0 vs healthy” and “T1 vs healthy”.