Table 2.
Descriptive and inferential statistics for outcome measures.
| Pretest scores | Posttest scores | Estimated between-group difference‡ | p | d (95% CI)§ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mirror therapy | Bilateral arm training | Mirror therapy | Bilateral arm training | Mean/median differences (95% CI) | |||
| Fugl-Meyer Assessment—upper extremity | n = 12 | n = 11 | n = 12 | n = 11 | |||
| Proximal | 28.33 (5.03) | 26.27 (6.26) | 29.42 (5.18) | 28.09 (5.61) | −0.74 (−2.26-0.78) | 0.83 | −0.40 (−1.22-0.44) |
| Distal | 5.08 (3.53) | 6.73 (5.06) | 6.75 (3.39) | 8.18 (5.12) | 0.22 (−1.24-1.68) | 0.39 | 0.12 (−0.70-0.94) |
| Total | 33.42 (7.48) | 33 (9.74) | 36.17 (8.01) | 36.27 (9.57) | −0.52 (−2.83-1.79) | 0.67 | −0.19 (−1.00-0.64) |
| Revised Nottingham Sensory Assessment† | n = 9 | n = 6 | n = 9 | n = 6 | |||
| Light touch | 4 (0-8) | 8 (6-8) | 7 (0-8) | 8 (7-8) | 0 (−0.42-1.42) | 0.37 | 0.18 (−0.86-1.22) |
| Temperature | 2 (0-4) | 6 (0-8) | 4 (1-7) | 5.5 (0-7) | 0 (0.14-2.74) | 0.05 | 1.00 (−0.09-2.09) |
| Pinprick | 8 (2-8) | 8 (7-8) | 8 (3-8) | 8 (8-8) | 0 (−2.31-1.75) | 0.50 | 0.00 (−1.03-1.03) |
| Pressure | 8 (2-8) | 8 (8-8) | 8 (0-8) | 8 (8-8) | 0 (−0.62-0.40) | 0.50 | 0.00 (−1.03-1.03) |
| Localization | 0 (0-5) | 5 (0-7) | 3 (0-4) | 8 (4-8) | −1.5 (−3.14-0.14) | 0.95 | −1.05 (−2.15-0.05) |
| Bilateral simultaneous touch | 7 (0-8) | 8 (6-8) | 4 (0-8) | 8 (8-8) | 0 (−1.72-0.62) | 0.68 | −0.26 (−1.30-0.78) |
| Tactile total scale | 27 (6-41) | 44 (27-46) | 34 (11-41) | 45.5 (35-47) | 0 (−4.28-3.28) | 0.70 | −0.29 (−1.33-0.75) |
| n = 12 | n = 11 | n = 12 | n = 11 | ||||
| Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory | 41.42 (7.05) | 42.82 (11.63) | 46.58 (9.39) | 50.27 (14.93) | −2.28 (−6.59-2.03) | 0.85 | −0.44 (−1.25-0.40) |
| Motor Activity Log | |||||||
| Amount of use | 0.58 (0.27) | 0.84 (0.56) | 1.37 (0.7) | 1.33 (0.8) | 0.30 (−0.09-0.69) | 0.08 | 0.62 (−0.24-1.44) |
| Quality of movement | 0.44 (0.24) | 0.67 (0.6) | 1.18 (0.66) | 1.17 (0.73) | 0.24 (−0.14-0.62) | 0.12 | 0.50 (−0.35-1.31) |
| Stroke Impact Scale overall | 65.46 (6.87) | 64.46 (20.53) | 71.38 (9.44) | 64.56 (17.4) | 5.82 (0.40-11.24) | 0.02 | 0.89 (0.003-1.71) |
Note: data are the mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range). CI = confidence interval. †Only those participants who scored less than 48 points at pretest, indicating sensation impairments, were included in the data analysis. ‡Mean/median difference was subtracted mean/median change score of bilateral arm training group from the one of mirror therapy group. §d is Cohen's d for the independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test.