Table 2. Pharmacological effects of amantadine in animal models of depression.
| Reference | Animal | Amantadine effective dose(mg/kg)* | Treatment(route) | Depression induction | Animal model | Results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FST | |||||||
| Moryl et al.29 | Rat (male) | 20, 40, 80 | Acute (i.p.) | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (OFT): ↓ ambulation, peeping, rearing, and walking time | Antidepressant-like effects | |
| Rogoz et al.37 | Rat (male) | (10), 20 | Acute (i.p.) | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (OFT): no effect | Antidepressant-like effects | |
| Rogoz, et al.38 | Rat (male) | (10), 20 | Acute (i.p.) | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (OFT): no effect | Antidepressant-like effects | |
| CUMS | |||||||
| Yu et al.43 | Rat (male) | 25 | Chronic (oral) | CUMS | SPTMWMBody weight loss | SPT: ↑ sucrose consumption MWM: ↓ escape latency Body weight loss: prevented Locomotor activity (swim velocity in MWM): no effect | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Reserpine syndrome | |||||||
| Maj et al.21 | Rat (male and female) | (20), 40, 80 | Acute (i.p.) | Reserpine 5 mg/kg | Locomotor activity Catalepsy | ↓ reserpine-induced hypolocomotion ↓ catalepsy Locomotor activity (AA): no effect | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Jurna et al.44 | Rat (unspecified sex) | 50 | Acute (i.v.) | Reserpine 10 mg/kg | Electromyography | ↓ muscle rigidity Locomotor activity: NE | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Lassen45 | Rats (female) | 25, 50 | Acute (s.c.) | Reserpine 7.5 mg/kg | Locomotor activity | Did not affect reserpine-induced hypolocomotion AA: ↑ locomotor activity | Ineffective |
| Colpaert et al.46 | Rats (female) | 24-110 (ED50) | Acute (oral) | Reserpine 40 mg/kg | Hypokinesia Catalepsy | Prevented reserpine-induced hypokinesia ↓ catalepsy Locomotor activity: NE | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Goldstein et al.47 | Rats (male) | 21.8 (ED50) | Acute (s.c.) | Reserpine 5 mg/kg | Reserpine-induced hindlimb rigidity | Prevented reserpine-induced rigidity Locomotor activity: NE | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Cox & Tha48 | Mouse (male and female) | (25) | Acute (i.p.) | Reserpine 5 mg/kg | Reserpine-induced hypothermia | No effect Locomotor activity: NE | Ineffective |
| Messiha49 | Mouse (male) | 100 | Acute (i.p.) | Reserpine 0.2 mg/kg | Locomotor activity | ↑ reserpine-induced hypolocomotion Locomotor activity (AA): ↓ | Ineffective |
| Moryl et al.29 | Mouse (male) | (20), 40, 80 | Acute (i.p.) | Reserpine 2.5 mg/kg | Hypothermia | ↓ reserpine-induced hypothermia Locomotor activity: NE (for mice) | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Tan et al.50 | Rat (male) | 45-135 | Chronic (28 days) (i.p.) | Depressive-like behavior induced by traumatic brain injury | SPTFST | SPT: ↑ sucrose preference FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity: NE | Antidepressant-like effects |
| Co-administration | |||||||
| Skuza & Rogóz39 | Rat (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + σ1 receptor agonist SA4503 or σ2 receptor agonist siramesine | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (AA): no effect | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects of σ receptor agonists |
| Rogoz et al.37 | Rat (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + venlafaxine, imipramine, or fluoxetine | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (OFT): no effect or ↓ locomotor activity | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects |
| Rogoz et al.38 | Rat (male) | 20 | Acute (i.p.) | + imipramine | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (OFT): ↓ locomotor activity | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects |
| Kubera et al.51 | Rat (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + imipramine | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity: NE | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects |
| Skuza & Rogóz40 | Rat (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + σ1 receptor agonist SA4503 | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity (AA): no effect | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects of σ1 receptor agonist |
| Rogóz et al.41 | Rat (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + fluoxetine | FST | FST: ↓ immobility time Locomotor activity: NE | Potentiated antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine |
| Skuza et al.52 | Mouse (male) | (10) | Acute (i.p.) | + σ1 receptor agonist PB190 | FSTTST | FST: ↓ immobility time TST: no effect Locomotor activity: NE | σ1 receptor agonist had no effect on antidepressant-like effects of amantadine |
AA = automated locomotor activity meter (i.e., chamber with photobeams); CUMS = chronic unpredictable mild stress; ED = effective dose; FST = forced swim test; i.p. = intraperitonial; i.v. = intravenous; MWM = Morris water maze; NE = not evaluated; OFT = open field test; s.c. = subcutaneous; SPT = sucrose preference test; TST = tail suspension test.
*
Doses in parentheses were ineffective.