Table 4. DSH prevalence and associations with current child psychopathology, stratified by age.
| Current DSH (last month) | Lifetime DSH | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Bivariate model OR (95%CI) | Multiple model 1 OR (95%CI) | Multiple model 2 OR (95%CI) | % | Bivariate model OR (95%CI) | Multiple model 1 OR (95%CI) | Multiple model 2 OR (95%CI) | |
| 6 to 9y (n=1,172) | ||||||||
| Anxiety disorder | 0.8 | 1.27 (0.19-8.44) | 1.26 (0.20-8.01) | 0.89 (0.03-25.61) | 2.0 | 1.13 (0.29-4.39) | 1.21 (0.32-4.60) | 0.96 (0.30-3.08) |
| Major depression | 13.9 | 40.31 (8.33-194.95)* | 92.28 (15.01-567.13)* | 67.02 (6.06-740.87)† | 16.5 | 12.99 (3.63-46.56)* | 18.48 (4.15-82.19)* | 11.80 (2.15-64.80)† |
| ADHD | 2.9 | 7.89 (1.69-36.70)‡ | 9.59 (1.94-47.29)† | 6.28 (1.38-28.58)‡ | 5.6 | 4.47 (1.48-13.54)‡ | 4.48 (1.38-14.54)‡ | 3.03 (0.76-12.11) |
| Oppositional defiant | 4.2 | 10.40 (2.18-49.69)† | 16.48 (3.06-88.88)† | 4.85 (0.95-24.63) | 4.7 | 3.07 (0.84-11.21) | 3.33 (0.89-12.53) | 1.77 (0.56-5.56) |
| Conduct disorder | 3.4 | 5.78 (0.65-51.49) | 21.18 (1.74-258.59)‡ | 2.70 (0.03-228.89) | 21.9 | 17.46 (3.65-83.57)* | 40.57 (8.35-197.04)* | 15.14 (1.03-221.51) |
| Any mental disorder | 2.4 | 18.11 (2.16-152.03)† | 22.52 (3.05-166.46)† | - | 4.5 | 4.73 (1.87-11.96)† | 5.21 (2.01-13.54)† | - |
| 10 to 14y (n=1,336) | ||||||||
| Anxiety disorder | 2.0 | 2.20 (0.66-7.42) | 2.09 (0.63-6.94) | 1.02 (0.20-5.27) | 3.8 | 2.77 (0.89-8.64) | 2.65 (0.81-8.67) | 1.82 (0.41-8.15) |
| Major depression | 12.0 | 18.89 (4.51-79.24)* | 17.01 (4.04-71.62)* | 9.44 (1.05-85.20) | 13.1 | 12.11 (3.37-43.52)* | 12.98 (3.57-47.21)* | 7.13 (1.06-48.10)‡ |
| ADHD | 6.1 | 12.56 (4.01-39.30)* | 13.68 (4.44-42.15)* | 7.11 (2.21-22.86)† | 8.1 | 9.63 (4.29-21.64)* | 10.67 (4.70-24.25)* | 5.88 (2.45-14.07)* |
| Oppositional defiant | 8.9 | 14.47 (3.87-54.13)* | 13.72 (3.64-51.73)* | 4.66 (1.10-19.74)‡ | 12.1 | 12.36 (3.81-40.09)* | 12.57 (3.92-40.32)* | 5.42 (1.51-19.47)‡ |
| Conduct disorder | 6.1 | 7.17 (0.89-57.53) | 7.45 (1.17-47.44)‡ | 1.32 (0.05-32.53) | 6.1 | 4.47 (0.57-34.89) | 5.35 (0.88-32.53) | 0.92 (0.04-20.22) |
| Any mental disorder | 3.9 | 20.81 (4.68-92.44)* | 20.79 (4.54-95.23)* | - | 6.1 | 21.50 (6.49-71.19)* | 23.09 (6.41-83.23)* | - |
95%CI = 95% confidence interval; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DSH = deliberate self-harm; OR = odds ratio.
Multiple model 1, controlled for age, gender, socioeconomic status and race; Multiple model 2, controlled for age, gender, socioeconomic status, race and other diagnoses. Anxiety disorder includes generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and social anxiety. Any mental disorder includes disorders used in specific analysis and post-traumatic stress disorder, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, other depression, mania/bipolar disorder, other hyperactivity, psychosis or eating disorder.
*
p < 0.001;
†
p < 0.01;
‡
p < 0.05.