Table 2.

Evidence base for the effectiveness of testing initiatives in hospital settings

Intervention	Studies included Quality of evidence	Setting; target population	Test offer	Coverage/number of tests/testeda	Positivity rate
Risk group testing	HBV
	N = 3 studies37, 40, 41 Quality: 3 studies NA	Other hospital departments (n = 3) (sample size: 105‐3226) Migrants (n = 2); psychiatric patients (n = 1)	Migrants: 100% Psychiatric patients: 83%	Coverage migrants: 28.7% and 61% Coverage psychiatric patients: 54%	Migrants: 2.2% and 7.8% Psychiatric patients: 7.0%
	HCV
	N = 3 studies37, 40, 41 Quality: 3 studies NA	Other hospital departments (n = 3) (sample size: 105‐3226) Migrants (n = 2); psychiatric patients (n = 1)	Migrants: 100% Psychiatric patients: 83%	Coverage migrants: 28.7% and 61% Coverage psychiatric patients: 54%	Migrants: 0.3% and 3.6% Psychiatric patients: 8.7%
Universal testing	HBV
	N = 2 studies38, 39 Quality: 2 studies NA	ED only (n = 2) (sample size: 7807 and 10 000) General population (n = 2)		Coverage: 27% and 88.4%	0.5% and 0.7% 0.2% and 0.5% newly diagnosed
	HCV
	N = 2 studies38, 39 Quality: 2 studies NA	ED only (n = 2) (sample size: 7807 and 10 000) General population (n = 2)		Coverage: 27% and 88.4%	1.8% and 5% 0.6% and 0.7% newly diagnosed
Novel testing	HCV
	N = 1 study35 Quality: NA	Other hospital departments (n = 1 (sample size: 600‐29 600) General population (n = 1)		Comparative study: coverage (oral): 9.1% (2011) 14% (2012) 16.9% (2013) 22% (2014)	Comparative study: 0.5% (2011) 0.5% (2011) 0.4% (2013) 4.5% (2014)
Education	HBV
	N = 1 study40 Quality: NA	Targeted at migrants Migrants (n = 1) (sample size: 3226)	100%	Coverage: 28.7%	2.2%
	HCV
	N = 1 study40 Quality: NA	Targeted at migrants Migrants (n = 1) (sample size: 3226)	100%	Coverage: 28.7%	0.3%
Campaign	HBV
	N = 2 studies39, 40 Quality: 3 studies NA	Targeted at patients General pop. (n = 1) (sample size: 7807)		Coverage: 27%	0.7% 0.5% newly diagnosed
		Targeted at‐risk groups Migrants (n = 1) (sample size: 3226)	100%	Coverage: 28.7%	2.2%
	HCV
	N = 3 studies34, 39, 40 Quality: 3 studies NA	Targeted at patients General pop. (n = 1) (sample size: 7807)		Coverage: 27%	1.8% 0.7% newly diagnosed
		Targeted at‐risk groups General pop. (n = 1) (sample size: NR) Migrants (n = 1) (sample size: 3226)	100%	Comparative study: before 10 536 tests; during 12 170 Coverage: 28.7%	Comparative study: 9.9% before; 7.9% during 0.3%

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; oral, oral sampling.

^aNumber of tests is only reported here if no data on coverage are available.