Table 3.
Characteristics of women with PPH who did or did not have invasive surgery or maternal death due to PPH
| No maternal death or invasive surgery | Maternal death or invasive surgery | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of women | 2338 | 56 | |
| Referred to study facility for PPH | 327 (14.0%) | 19 (33.9%) | 0.04 |
| Time to PPH diagnosis | n = 2295 | n =48 | |
| Minutes, mean (SD) [n] | 52.2 (89.5) | 55.1 (84.2) | 0.61 |
| Minutes, median (IQR) [n] | 30 (45) | 30 (45) | |
| ≥1 hour after delivery | 398 (17.3%) | 11 (22.9%) | 0.74 |
| Suspected cause of PPH | n = 2330 | n = 54 | |
| Atony | 1869 (80.2%) | 39 (72.2%) | 0.28 |
| Atony alone (no other cause noted) | 1267 (54.8%) | 18 (33.3%) | 0.01 |
| Traumatic cause | 760 (32.6%) | 33 (61.1%) | <0.01 |
| Retained placenta | 375 (16.1%) | 9 (16.7%) | 0.79 |
| Any non-atonic cause | 1025 (44.0%) | 36 (66.7%) | < 0.01 |
| Problems reported by providers during course of PPH treatment | n = 2325 | n = 53 | |
| Supplies not available | 261 (11.2%) | 9 (17.0%) | 0.50 |
| Medication not available | 347 (14.9%) | 5 (9.4%) | 0.03 |
| No blood/insufficient blood available | 107 (4.6%) | 15 (28.3%) | <0.01 |
| Necessary personnel not available | 10 (0.4%) | 5 (9.4%) | <0.01 |
| Delays obtaining patient/family consent for procedure | 23 (1.0%) | 2 (3.8%) | 0.07 |
IQR, interquartile range; PPH, postpartum haemorrhage; SD, standard deviation.
*
P-values derived from mixed effects logistic regression models for categorical variables and mixed effects linear regression for continuous variables; mixed effects models adjust for study time period cluster (random effect).