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. 2019 Aug 22;286(21):4160–4175. doi: 10.1111/febs.15028

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The cytokines/chemokines and enzymes secreted by cancer‐associated fibroblasts. The cancer‐associated fibroblast‐secreted or exported cytokines, chemokines, inhibitory and ECM remodeling molecules together regulate immune cell function. Inhibitory molecules mainly include PD‐L1, PD‐L2, FASL, TGF‐β and kynurenine (Kyn). Cytokines and chemokines include M‐CSF1, VEGF, TNF, PGE2, IL‐13/26, IL‐1β, IL‐5/6, IL‐10, CXCL1‐2, CXCL5‐6, CXCL8‐10, CXCL12, CCL2, CCL2‐3, CCL5, etc. Representative ECM remodeling molecules are matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), Chi3L1, and hyaluronic acid. Together, these molecules secreted by CAFs suppress NK cell and cytotoxic T cell activity.