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. 2019 Nov 25;17(11):1115–1128. doi: 10.1111/ddg.13973

Table 2.

Diseases causing livedo reticularis

Neurohumoral
  • Cutis marmorata (coldness)

  • Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital livedo, van Lohuizen syndrome; can occasionally also cause livedo racemose as well)

  • Drugs

    • epinephrine, amantadine, nicotine

  • Neoplasia

    • pheochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome

  • Hormones

    • hypothyroidism, Cushing disease, corticosteroids, oral contraception

  • Pellagra

  • CNS disease

    • stroke, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, Parkinson disease, head‐brain trauma

Rheological
  • Cellular

    • polycythemia vera, thrombocythemia, leukemia

  • Serological (with cross‐over to livedo racemosa)

    • coagulation disorders

    • paraproteinemia

    • collagenosis

    • rheumatoid disorders